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| Philosopher to first form the idea of dualism |
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| the idea that mind and body are separate yet intertwined |
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| Founder of modern experimental psychology. Created the fist institution of psychology in Leipzig, Germany |
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| Method created by Wilhelm Wundt. A systematic examination of subjective mental experiences that requires people to inspect and report on the content of thier thoughts. |
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| Student of Wundt who pioneered a new school of thought known as structuralism |
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| An approach based on the idea that conscious experience can be broken down into its baasic underlying components or elements. |
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| What is the general problem with introspection? |
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| Experience is subjective and therefore it is difficult for researchers to determine whether participants are applying introspection to a study's criteria in similar ways. |
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| Psychologist who argued that the mind is much more complex than its elements and therefore cannot be broken down (stream of consciousness) |
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| Term coined by William James which argues that the mind came into existence over the course of human evolution, and it works as it does because it is useful for preserving life and passing along genes to future generations. In other words, it helps humans adapt to environmental demands. |
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| Psychologists say we experience the world in two distinct phases. What are they? |
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| The sense organs' responses to external stimuli and the transmission of these responses to the brain |
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| The processing, organization , and interpretation of sensory signals; it results in an internal representation of the stimulus. |
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| Our sensory organs' translations of stimuli's physical properties into neural impulses |
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| A process by which sensory receptors produce neural impulses when they receive physical or chemical stimulation |
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| specialized neurons in the sense organs that pass impulses to connecting neurons when they receive physical or chemical stimulation |
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| List the stimuli, receptors, and pathway to the brain for taste |
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stimuli-molecules dissolved in fluid on the tongue.
receptors-taste cells in taste buds
pathway to brain-portions of facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves |
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| List the stimuli, receptors, and pathway to brain for smell |
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stimuli-molecules dissolved in fluid on mucous membranes in the nose
receptors-sensitive ends of olfactory neurons in the mucous membranes
pathway to brain-olfactory nerve |
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| List the stimuli, receptors, and pathway to brain for touch |
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stimuli-pressure on skin
receptors-sensitive ends of touch neurons in skin
pathway to brain-trigeminal nerve for touch above the neck, spinal nerve for elsewhere |
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| List the stimuli, receptors, and pathway to brain for hearing |
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stimuli-sound waves
receptors-pressure-sensitive hair cells in cochlea of inner ear
pathway to brain-auditory nerve |
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| List the stimuli, receptors, and pathway to brain for vision |
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stimuli-light wave(photons)
receptors-light-sensitive rods and cones in retina of eye
pathway to the brain-optic nerve |
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| the minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation, or the stimulus intensity detected above chance. (For example, the absolute threshold for hearing is the faintest sound a person can detect 50% of the time) |
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| the minimum change in a sense required for you to detect a difference. (For example, in hearing, it is volume increase that must occur for you to notice a difference). |
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| the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is based on a proportion of the original stimulus rather than on a fixed amount of difference. For example, if you need one candle to detect a difference in brightness of 10 candles, then you need 10 more candles to detect a difference in 100 candles. |
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| A theory of perception based on the idea that the detection of a faint stimulus requires a judgment-it is not an all-or-none process. |
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| a participant's tendency to report detecting the signal in an ambiguous trial. |
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| a decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation. For example, people who live near an airport don't notice the noise from a plane taking off as easily as other people. |
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| another word for the sense of taste |
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| taste receptors which are mostly on the tongue but spread throughout the mouth and throat. An individual has anywhere between 500 and 10,000 taste buds |
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| The 5 basic taste qualities |
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| sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami |
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