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German
1879
First Psych lab, First Psych Textbook |
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| The functional significance of different brain functions |
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The Science of Behavior
only what you can observe is important |
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cellular and subcellular levels
biological approach |
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Psychoanalysis- cognitive psychologists
underlying thought processes and emotions |
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everything is bodily
the concept of a soul is false |
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| human knowledge and thought derive from sensory experience |
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| law of association by contiguity |
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| if someone experiences two stimuli at once, those events become associated |
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| knowledge and rules of operation are present at birth |
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| knowledge gained after birth |
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| observes relationships between variables |
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| single variable, naturalistic observation |
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| the average difference that each number is away from the mean |
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range: -1 to 1
0: no correlation
shows the strength of the trend |
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| carry info from CNS to operatic muscles and glands |
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| carry input in from sensory organs to CNS |
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many, many more of these
exist only within CNS
organize and integrate |
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| extend from cell body, receive input |
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| extends from cell body, carries message |
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| designed to release neurotransmitters on other neurons or specific cells |
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| casing around axon, helps for efficient and fast impulses |
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| Charge inside the cell membrane |
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| charge outside the cell membrane |
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| positive inside/ negative outside |
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| potassium pushed out of cell b/c of inside positive charge |
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| Sodium (outside), potassium (inside) |
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| protein molecules (inside), chloride ions (outside) |
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| transmitter opens sodium channels, positive ions go into cell, cause AP |
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| opens chloride or potassium channels, causes hyper polarization, decreases the likelihood of AP |
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| nerve is to PNS as _____ is to CNS |
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| senses continuous electrical "chatter" through electrodes |
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| Positron Emission Tomography- inject radioactive substance into the bloodstream, where radioactivity is highest, more blood (and activity) is there |
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| functional magnetic resonance imaging- hemoglobin give off radiowaves, detected, show where most blood is, safer than PET |
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| sympathetic division of the autonomic motor system |
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| controls the "fight or flight" mechanism |
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| parasympathetic division of the autonomic motor system |
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| Controls regenerative, growth promoting, and energy conserving functions |
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| hindbrain- organize vital reflexes |
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| hindbrain- eating, drinking, attacking, copulating |
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| sensory tracts pass through this "relay center" |
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| deliberate slower movements (feedback)- in subcortex |
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| rapid, well-timed sequences of muscle movement- part of subcortex |
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| regulation of basic drives and emotions |
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| regulates the internal environment of the body, autonomic, hunger, thirst, hormones |
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| controls motor activities, front upper part of cerebral cortex |
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| reacts to touch, upper back part of cerebral cortex |
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| reacts to vision, lower back part of cerebral cortex |
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| reacts to hearing, lower front part of cerebral cortex |
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| left hemisphere, near frontal lobe. no problems with comprehension or content, just the act of speaking |
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| left hemisphere, near back of temporal lobe. problems with content and comprehension, but not grammatical structure |
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| band of axons connecting the two hemispheres |
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| neurotransmitter chemical. Deficiency results in Parkinsons, excess results in schizophrenia |
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| how stimuli is transferred into an AP |
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| activated in dim light, do not respond to color, many more than cones |
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| photochemicals in cones arrange in opposed pairs (ex. red-green, blue-yellow), explains after-images |
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| pinna (cartilage exterior), external auditory canal |
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| hammer, anvil, stirrup, eardrum |
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| cochlea is filled with fluid and hairs |
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| frequencies important for speech |
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| bitter, sour, salty, sweet, umami |
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| shows distinction between automatic and controlled processing. Reading=automatic, color naming=controlled |
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| simple, relatively autonomic stimulus-response sequence mediated by the nervous system---- reflex= stimulus + response |
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| a decline in the magnitude of a reflexive response when the stimulus is repeated several times in sucession |
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| discovered classical conditioning, dog salivation experiments in relation to all sorts of sensory conditioned stimuluses |
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| unlearning of a conditioned reflex when the unconditioned stimulus stops being introduced |
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| "the unlearning of extinction"- the return of a conditioned reflex after time |
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| when a random stimulus resembles a conditioned stimulus and produces the same response |
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| a learning process by which the effect, or consequence, of a response affects the future rate of producing that response (think punishment and reinforcement) |
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| cats in a cage, press lever as a way of getting out (example of negative reinforcement) |
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| rats press lever to get pellet (example of positive reinforcement), press lever to relieve or cause shock (neg. reinforcement, pos. punishment) |
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| trace of sensory input that stays in information processing system briefly |
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| place where are conscious perceiving, feeling, comparing, computing, reasoning takes place |
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| stored representation of all that a person knows |
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| controls flow from sensory to working memory |
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| controls flow from working to long term memory |
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| controls flow from long term back to working memory |
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| activation, by sensory input, of information that is already stored in active memory- can be a way of testing subconscious associations |
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| loss of capacity to form new long term memories |
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| loss of memories before injury |
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| generalized mental representation of a concept, event, object, or scene |
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| generalized mental expectations for the organization of an event |
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| explicit memories of one's own past experiences |
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| explicit memory not tied mentally to past experiences- general knowledge/ learning based |
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| implicit memories of how to do motor skills/ habits |
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| not remembering childhood events (happens to most people) |
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| taking small pieces of evidence and coming up with a general rule |
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| taking general rules and trying to logically derive consequences of them |
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| intelligence testing, a nativist |
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| Intellectual age/ chronological age x 100 |
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| ability to perceive relationships between things |
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| crystallized intelligence |
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| mental ability derived from previous experience |
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| a claim about the cause of someone's behavior |
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| the tendency to attribute behavior to a person's inner characteristics and not their situation |
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| new experiences absorbed into an existing scheme |
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| scheme changes to incorporate the newly assimilated event |
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| sensorimotor stage of development |
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birth-2
reflexes become coordinated
thought=physical action
starts using symbols |
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| preoperational stage of development |
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2-7yrs
use of symbols
imaginative play
egocentrism
does not understand conservation |
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| concrete stage of development |
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7-12yrs
uses mental operations to solve problems
operational schemas tied to real world |
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| formal stage of development |
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from adolescence on
abstract thinking
reason deductively |
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| preconventional stage of moral development |
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until age 10
revolves around the self interests of the child |
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| conventional stage of moral development |
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| based on the expectations of others |
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| postconventional stage of development |
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| based on internal, abstract concepts of justice |
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| excess blood, cheerful and outgoing |
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| excess yellow bile, easily angered |
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| excess phlegm, calm and unemotional in temperament, lazy |
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| excess of black bile, depressive and sad |
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| endomorph- theory of personality |
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| mesomorph- theory of personality |
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| muscular, assertive, bold |
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| ectomorph- theory of personality |
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| skinny, thoughtful, introverted, nervous |
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| primal desires, limbic system |
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| mediator between id and superego (conscious decision maker) |
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| conscience, reminder of moral implications |
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| something that is thought about incessantly- usually violent or sexual- can turn into a belief |
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| ritualistic behaviors that have to be engaged in to relieve stress/anxiety |
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| positive symptoms- schizophrenia |
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| hallucinations, delusions (symptoms additional to normal functions) |
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| negative symptoms- schizophrenia |
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| blunted affect, anhedonia, social withdrawl, avolition (lack of normal functions) |
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| treatment for schizophrenia |
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| elementary vowel and consonant sounds |
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| does not extend a word to all the applications of it (only the family's car is a car) |
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| over-use a term for related objects (calling a zebra a dog) |
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| growth is due to interactions with the physical world |
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| growth is due to social and cultural interactions |
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| LAD, language acquisition device |
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| coined by Chompsky, a term for the inborn universal grammar mechanisms |
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