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| A claim about the cause of someone's behavior. |
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One of the pioneers of social psychology.
Human beings are natural psychologist who are interested in assessing the personality characteristics and attitudes of other humans (helps us survive). |
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Developed a model for judging attributions.
1. Does X regularly behave this way in this situation?
2. Do many other people regularly behave this way in this situation?
3. Does X behave this way in many other situations? |
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The fact that people tend to give too much weight to personality and not enough to the environmental situation when making attributions about others' actions.
e.g. occupational roles attributed to individual personalities. |
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| Fundamental attribution error |
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Signifies the pervasiveness adn strength of person bias and suggests that it underlies many other social-psychological phenomena.
(Lee Ross, 1977) |
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| Actor-observer discrepancy |
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| When people make attributions about their own behavior, they do the opposite of the person bias and attribute behavior more to environment than to internal characteristics. |
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| Visual-orientation hypothesis |
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| When we ourselves perform an action, we see the surrounding environment, not ourselves, so we tend to attritube causal properties to the situation. |
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| Self-fulfilling prophecies. The beliefs and expectations that others have of a person can create reality by influencing that person's self-concept and behavior. |
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| One's feeling of approval and acceptance of oneself. |
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| Mark Leary proposed that self-esteen is derived from one's self-judgement, which is based largely on the person's sense of others' attitudes toward him or her. |
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| The process of comparing ourselves with others in order to identify our unique characteristics and evaluate our abilities. |
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| The group against whom the social comparison is made. |
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| Self-serving attributional bias |
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| The tendency of people to attribute their successes to their own inner qualities and their failures to the situation. |
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| Self-descriptions that pertain to the person as a separate individual. |
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| Self-descriptions that pertain to the social categories or groups to which the person belongs. |
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| Implicit association tests |
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Tests that take advantage of the fact that people classify two concepts together more quickly if they are already strongly associated in their minds.
e.g. test of implicit association of gender to violence, or race to violence. |
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| A innocent black man who was killed by police officers due to implicit stereotypes associating blacks with violence and crime. |
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| Any belief or opinion that has an evaluative component - a judgment or feeling that something is good or bad. |
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| Attitudes as products of conditioning and reasoning |
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1. Attitudes resulting from classical conditioning require basically no thought (e.g. Pavlov's dogs' attitude to the sound of a bell).
2. Attitude derived from decision rules, or heuristics is superficial thought because one only needs to follow the rules to arrive at a judgment.
3. Logical analysis results from systematic thought. |
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| Elaboration likelihood model |
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| A theory of persuasion where a major determinant of whether a message will be processed systematically or superficially is the personal relevance of the message. (Petty and Cacioppo, 1986) |
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| Cognitive dissonance theory |
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We have an uncomfortable feeling of dissonance, or lack of harmony, when we sense inconsistency among the various attitudes, beliefs, and items of knowledge in our minds.
Encourages us to look for mistakes in our reasoning. |
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| Insufficient-justification effect |
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Definition
When a person changes his/her attitude in order to relieve dissonance after they did something that went against their attitude.
Experiment: pay subject $1 to tell incoming subjects that a very boring task is in fact very enjoyable. As a result, their own attitude towards the boring task becomes more positive. Does not occur when paid with $20, because it is sufficient to justify a lie, while $1 is not, so their attitude must change in order to justifiy it. |
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