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Intro to Psychology
Chapter 1
96
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/03/2010

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Term
A scientific method involving the following five steps: survey, question, read, recite, and review.
Definition
SQ3R
Term
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Definition
Psychology
Term
The orderly systematic procedures that researchers follow as they identify a research problem, design a study to investigate the problem, collect and analyze data, draw conclusions, and communicate their findings.
Definition
Scientific Method
Term
A general principle or set of principles proposed to explain how a number of separate facts are related.
Definition
Theory
Term
The process of repeating a study to verify research findings.
Definition
Replication
Term
A testable prediction about the conditions under which a particular behavior or mental process may occur.
Definition
Hypothesis
Term
Research conducted to seek new knowledge and to explore and advance general scientific understanding.
Definition
Basic Research
Term
Research conducted specifically to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life.
Definition
Applied Research
Term
The first formal school of thought in psychology, aimed at analyzing the basic elements or structure of conscious mental experience.
Definition
Structuralism
Term
An early school of psychology that was concerned with how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their environment.
Definition
Functionalism
Term
Summer & Watson, 1960's. The school of psychology that views observable, measurable behavior as the appropriate subject matter for psychology and emphasizes the key role of environment.
Definition
Behaviorism
Term
Freud. The term Freud used for both his theory of personality and his therapy for the treatment of psychological disorders the unconscious is the primary focus of psychoanalytic theory.
Definition
Psychoanalysis
Term
Maslow & Rogers. The school of psychology that focuses on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice, growth, and psychological health.
Definition
Humanistic Psychology
Term
The school of psychology that sees humans as active participants in their environment; studies mental processes such as memory, problem solving, reasoning, decision making, perception, language, and other forms of cognition.
Definition
Cognitive Psychology
Term
Wertheimer. The school of psychology that emphasizes that individuals perceive objects and patterns as whole units and that the perceived whole is more than the sum of its parts.
Definition
Gestalt Psychology
Term
An approach to the study of mental structures and processes that uses the computer as a model for human thinking.
Definition
Information-Processing Theory
Term
the school of psychology that studies how humans have adapted the behaviors required for survival in the face of environmental pressures over the long course of evolution.
Definition
Evolutionary Psychology
Term
The school of psychology that looks for links between specific behaviors and equally specific biological processes that often help explain individual differences.
Definition
Biological psychology
Term
An interdisciplinary field that combines the work of psychologist, biologists, biochemists, medical researchers, and others in the study of the structure and function of the nervous system.
Definition
Neuroscience
Term
The view that social and cultural factors may be just as powerful as evolutionary and physiological factors in affecting behavior and mental processing and that these factors must be understood when interpreting the behavior of others.
Definition
Sociocultural Approach
Term
General points of view used in explaining peoples behavior and thinking whether normal or abnormal.
Definition
Psychological perspectives
Term
A descriptive research method in which behavior is studied in a laboratory setting.
Definition
Laboratory Observation
Term
Research methods that yield descriptions of behavior.
Definition
Descriptive Research Methods.
Term
A descriptive research method in which researchers observe and record behavior in its natural setting, without attempting to influence or control it.
Definition
Naturalistic Observation
Term
A descriptive research method in which a single individual or a small number of persons are studied in great depth.
Definition
Case Study
Term
A descriptive research method in which researchers use interviews and/or questionnaires to gather information about the attitudes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviors of a small group of people.
Definition
Survey
Term
The entire group of interest to researchers, to which they wish to generalize their findings; the group from which a sample is selected.
Definition
Population
Term
A part of a population that is studied to reach conclusions about the entire population.
Definition
Sample
Term
A sample that mirrors the population of interest; it includes important subgroups in the same proportions as they are found in that population.
Definition
Representative Sample
Term
A research method used to establish the degree of relationship between two characteristics, events, or behaviors.
Definition
Correlation Method
Term
A numerical value that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between tow variables; ranges from +1.00 (a perfect positive correlation) to a -1.00 (a perfect negative correlation).
Definition
Correlation coefficient
Term
The only research method that can be used to identify cause-effect relationships between two or more conditions or variables.
Definition
Experimental Method
Term
Any condition or factor that can be manipulated, controlled or measured.
Definition
Variable
Term
In an experiment, a factor or condition that is deliberately manipulated to determine whether it causes any change in another behavior or condition.
Definition
Independent variable
Term
The factor or condition that is measured at the end of an experiment and is presumed to vary as a result of the manipulations of the independent variable.
Definition
Dependent variable
Term
In an experiment, the group that is exposed to an independent variable.
Definition
Experimental Group
Term
A group similar to the experimental group that is exposed to the same experimental environment but is not given the treatment; used for purposes of comparison.
Definition
Control Group
Term
Factors or conditions other than the independent variables that are not equivalent across groups with respect to the dependent variable.
Definition
confounding Variables
Term
The assignment of participants to experimental or control groups in such a way that systematic differences among the groups are present at the beginning of the experiment.
Definition
Selection Bias
Term
The process of selecting participants for experimental and control groups by using a chance procedure to guarantee that each participant has an equal probability of being assigned to any of the groups. A control for selection bias.
Definition
Random Assignment
Term
The phenomenon that occurs in a experiment when a participants response to a treatment is due to his or her expectations about the treatment.
Definition
Placebo Effect
Term
An inert or harmless substance given to the control group in an experiment as a control for the placebo effect.
Definition
Placebo
Term
A phenomenon that occurs when a researchers preconceived notions or expectations in some way influence participants behavior and or the researcher's interpretation of experimental results.
Definition
Experimenter Bias
Term
A procedure in which neither the participants nor the experimenter knows who is in the experimental and control groups until after the data have been gathered; a control for experimental bias.
Definition
Double-Blind technique
Term
The process of objectivity evaluating claims, propositions, and conclusions to determine whether they follow logically from the evidence presented.
Definition
Critical Thinking
Term
The degree to which a study's findings can be applied to the general population.
Definition
Generalizability
Term
Description, Explanation, Prediction, Influence.
Definition
Goals for Psychological Researchers
Term
What goal is used in Identifying and classifying behaviors an mental processes as accurately as possible.
Definition
Description Goal
Term
What goal is used in proposing reasons for behavior and mental processes.
Definition
Explanation Goal
Term
What goal is used in offering educated guesses about how a given condition or set of conditions will affect behaviors and mental processes.
Definition
Prediction Goal
Term
What goal is used in using the results of research to solve practical problems that involve behavior and mental processes.
Definition
Influence Goal
Term
Vision for new discipline included studies of social and cultural influences on human thought, he introduced Introspection.
Definition
Wilhem Wundt
Term
Who was Wundt's most famous students. He set up laboratories at Cornell University and named them "structuralism".
Definition
Titchener
Term
Spoke of the "stream of consciousness", which functions to help humans adapt to their environment.
Definition
William James
Term
1847-1930 Hopkins. Formulated evolutionary theory of color.
Definition
Christine Ladd-Franklin
Term
1863-1930 Established the Wellsley College Psychology laboratory and developed a paired associates test, a technique for the study of memory.
Definition
Mary Whiton Calkins
Term
The first African American psychologist and known as the "father" of African American Psychology.
Definition
Francis Cecil Summer
Term
Another African American who had some of the earliest studies on intelligence and how it related to the success in numerous occupational fields. Also, founder of the first psychological laboratory at Howard University, a Black institution.
Definition
Albert Sidney Beckham
Term
Wrote on the harmful effects of racial segregation.
Definition
Kenneth Clark
Term
Kenneth clark's wife, together they wrote on racial identification and self-esteem, which later became classics.
Definition
Maime Phipps-Clark
Term
Studied biases on IQ testing, and cultural and language differences work against Hispanics.
Definition
Jorge Sanchez
Term
Known for her research examining autobiographical memory. She was a native American.
Definition
Marigold Linton
Term
What are the Biological Perspectives?
Definition
The Biological Perspectives include: Behavioral, Psychoanalytical, Humanistic, Cognitive, Evolutionary, Biological, Sociocultural. General points of view used to explain peoples' behavior and thinking, whether normal or abnormal.
Term
What is the variable for the Behavioral Perspective?
Definition
Environmental Factors.
Term
What are the variables for the Psychoanalytical Perspective?
Definition
Emotions, unconscious motivations, early childhood experiences.
Term
What are the variables for the Humanistic Perspective?
Definition
Subjective experiences, intrinsic motivation to achieve self-actualization.
Term
What is the variable for the Cognitive Perspective?
Definition
Mental Processes.
Term
What are the variables for the Evolutional Perspective
Definition
Inherited traits that enhance adaptability
Term
What are the variables for the Biological Perspective ?
Definition
Biological structures, processes, heredity
Term
What are the variables for the Sociocultural Perspective?
Definition
social and cultural variables.
Term
Reasons for Correlational Studies
Definition
1) correlations are quite useful for making predictions.
2) When its impossible for ethical reasons, to study variables of interest using more direct methods.
3) Many variables of interest to psychologists can not be manipulated.
4) these correlation studies can be done fairly quickly.
Term
Which of the following is an example of two positively correlated variables?
A) average daily temperature and number of people at the beach
B) hours spent playing computer games and hours spent outdoors
C) number of students in a class and instructor time spent with each student
D) annual number of days missed from work and annual production bonuses
Definition
A) average daily temperature and number of people at the beach
Term
The number of ear infections children have in the first year of life (a __________ individual difference) may be correlated with learning disabilities in the elementary school years (a __________ individual difference).
A) biological; behavioral
B) neurological; psychological
C) humanistic; sociocultural
D) cognitive; physiological
Definition
A) biological; behavioral
Term
__________ is currently regarded by many psychologists to be the most prominent school of psychological thought.
A) Cognitive psychology
B) Psychoanalysis
C) Information-processing theory
D) Behaviorism
Definition
A) Cognitive psychology
Term
In Wundt's study of the perception of a variety of visual, tactile, and auditory stimuli, he used the __________ method.
A) information-processing
B) introspection
C) free association
D) objective observation
Definition
B) introspection
Term
Which of the following is NOT an element of the scientific method?
A) communicate or disseminate findings
B) explain how a number of separate facts are unrelated
C) draw conclusions regarding data
D) collect and analyze data
Definition
B) explain how a number of separate facts are unrelated
Term
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of surveys?
A) responders may not tell the truth
B) the wording of questions may affect answers
C) they can be costly and time consuming
D) they produce inaccurate results across time
Definition
D) they produce inaccurate results across time
Term
The "no pain-no gain" principle is an expression that dates back to the 18th-century writings of
A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Erik Erikson.
C) Thomas Edison.
D) Benjamin Franklin.
Definition
D) Benjamin Franklin.
Term
__________ redefined psychology as "the science of behavior."
A) Structuralism
B) Existentialism
C) Behaviorism
D) Functionalism
Definition
C) Behaviorism
Term
Any condition or factor that can be manipulated, controlled, or measured is a
A) coefficient.
B) value.
C) correlation.
D) variable.
Definition
D) variable.
Term
__________ is conducted specifically for the purpose of solving practical problems and improving the quality of life.
A) Basic research
B) Applied research
C) Replication
D) Psychology
Definition
B) Applied research
Term
__________ occurs when researchers' preconceived notions become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
A) Professional confusion
B) Experimenter bias
C) Selection bias
D) Humanistic propensity
Definition
B) Experimenter bias
Term
Selection bias occurs when
A) differences among the groups are present at the beginning of the experiment.
B) factors or conditions are not equivalent across groups.
C) the control group is exposed to the same experimental environment as the experimental group.
D) participants are selected by using a chance procedure.
Definition
A) differences among the groups are present at the beginning of the experiment.
Term
Telling a participant complete information about all aspects of a study after the participant has fulfilled his or her role is referred to as
A) debriefing.
B) confounding.
C) institutional approval.
D) subordinate deception.
Definition
A) debriefing.
Term
Gestalt psychology
A) views humans as being pushed and pulled by environmental factors.
B) focuses on the uniqueness of human beings.
C) is based on case studies of patients.
D) emphasizes the perception of objects and patterns as whole units.
Definition
D) emphasizes the perception of objects and patterns as whole units.
Term
Psychologists who investigate how the individual feels, thinks, and behaves in the presence of others are __________ psychologists.
A) developmental
B) experimental
C) social
D) clinical
Definition
C) social
Term
Researchers who use Web-based surveys must be cautious about generalizing the results of their surveys because
A) the Internet supplies an overwhelming amount of survey answers.
B) respondents represent only the population who choose to participate.
C) only people under age 30 are computer proficient.
D) Internet users always represent themselves inaccurately.
Definition
B) respondents represent only the population who choose to participate.
Term
For several years, Dr. Kempfler has met with a small group of gifted children. He has compiled data on their attitudes, experiences, and personal habits. Dr. Kempfler is in the process of conducting
A) a case study.
B) an experimental study.
C) a naturalistic study.
D) survey research.
Definition
A) a case study.
Term
Which of the following is NOT an APA code of ethics guideline for using animals in research?
A) The use of animals must be supervised by people who are trained in their care.
B) At the sign of illness or distress, researchers must terminate the lives of research animals.
C) Researchers are ethically bound to minimize any discomfort to research animals.
D) Animal research must follow all relevant federal, state, and local laws.
Definition
B) At the sign of illness or distress, researchers must terminate the lives of research animals.
Term
The higher a person's credit score, the
A) lower the likelihood of a future delinquency.
B) more positive the correlation to delinquency.
C) greater the chance of bankruptcy.
D) less money a bank will lend.
Definition
A) lower the likelihood of a future delinquency.
Term
The number in a correlation coefficient indicates
A) whether the negative or positive variable has more influence upon behavior.
B) the balance between human emotion and behavior.
C) whether the negative variable outweighs the positive variable.
D) the relative strength of the relationship between two variables.
Definition
D) the relative strength of the relationship between two variables.
Term
A psychology professor studied the effect of item order on test scores. He gave half the class a test in which the item order reflected the textbook order and gave the other half the same items in random order. What was the dependent variable in his study?
A) the item order
B) the method used to split the class in half
C) the test scores
D) the difficulty of the test items
Definition
C) the test scores
Term
What psychological approach helps explain cross-cultural differences in behavior?
A) humanistic
B) evolutionary
C) sociocultural
D) cognitive
Definition
C) sociocultural
Term
Jerome wants to know if listening to music impacts studying and recall. He chose two groups of random subjects . Both groups read the same short story and took the same 10-question quiz. Group 1 read the story while music played and Group 2 read the story with no music. What is a potential confounding variable in Jerome's study?
A) the type of short story
B) the outcome of the quiz
C) being exposed to music or no music
D) the type of music played
Definition
D) the type of music played
Term
In the early 20th century, which scientist contributed the important seeds of thought that gave birth to the new school of psychology called functionalism?
A) Edward Titchener
B) Wilhelm Wundt
C) Charles Darwin
D) William James
Definition
C) Charles Darwin
Term
The goals of psychology are
A) theory, prediction, control, and replication.
B) explanation, prediction, control, and influence.
C) description, prediction, hypothesis, and research.
D) description, explanation, prediction, and influence.
Definition
D) description, explanation, prediction, and influence.
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