Model that describes all emotions that humans vary on.

• O-Openness to Experience
• C-Conscientiousness
• E-Extroversion
• A-Agreeableness
• N-Neuroticism

1. Learning
2. Cognition
3. Biology
4. Culture

Damage to Amygdala

• Hyper sexuality
• objects in mouth
• loss of fear/flat affect

Classified babies as : well-adjusted, undercontrolled, and inhibited

Found that these temperaments predicted behavior later in life. Undercontrolled and inhibited were more likely to have antisocial disorder, alcohol problems, or have a criminal record. 

Personality changes over time, though the older the individual, the more set their personality tends to be.

Pyramid that details the base needs of human beings for progression towards "Self-Actualization". Each step forms a road block to the other steps. 

"If you are unable to find food, you focus on finding food, not getting an education."

• Id: The unconscious well of base human emotions that seek pleasure.
• Ego: The conscious executive mediator between the superego and the id. 
• Superego: Internalized ideals and thoughts that give the ego a basis of conscientiousness. 

• Oral (0-18 mos.): Pleasure centers on mouth
• Anal(18-36 mos.): Pleasure centers on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demand for control.
• Phallic(3-6 years): Pleasure zone is genitals, coping with incestuous sexual feelings.
• Latency (6 yrs. -puberty): dormant stage
• Genital(Puberty on): Maturation of sexual interests.

• Regression
• Repression
• Reaction Formation
• Projection
• Rationalization
• Displacement

1. Quick Route: Through the Thalamus directly to the Amygdala. Less perception but prepares you to react.
2. Deliberate Route: Through Thalamus to Sensory Cortex to Frontal Lobe then to Amygdala. Better processing of the stimulation.

• Aid in memory
• Capture attention
• Make decisions
• Interpersonal Relationships

Developmental disorder that can vary in severity. Prevents the person from understanding emotional cues. "Can't read the billboard."

Involved with risk assessment and reward value in situations. Damage can cause excessive gambling, uncontrolled swearing, and emotional detachment.

"Faux Pas" Test

• Left- Happiness, self-confidence, positive
• Right- Depression, detecting emotional tones in speech, faces, contexts

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

• Reference Guide to mental disorders. Helps diagnose by observable and reportable symptoms.

• Axis I: Clinical Disorders(schizophrenia, mood, anxiety, sexual & gender, eating disorders)
• Axis II: Mental Retardation and Personality Disorders
• Axis III: Relevant Medical Disorders
• Axis IV: Environmental and Psychosocial
• Axis V: Global Assessment of Function (GAF)- ranks you 1-100, 1-10 being dangerous to self and others, 100 being superior

• Excessive Anxiety in the absence of true danger. Feel tense, anxious, apprehensive; psychologically and physically
• Chronic Arousal of Sympathetic nervous system

Causes Panic attacks that can be cued internally or externally. Symptoms of paralyzing terror, lasting for several moments.

Symptoms: sweating, heart pounding, feeling of dying, numbness, tingling, short breath

Anxiety Disorder with a fear of being unable to escape in situations.

ex: crowded mall, traffic jam, etc.

Obsessions – recurrent, intrusive, unwanted

thoughts, ideas, images.

  (ex: hitting someone with car, violent images, fear of germs, accidents)

Compulsions – behaviors that patients feel compelled to perform over & over & over.

OCD patient realize their thoughts & behaviors are irrational but cannot stop.

Major Depression – depressed (irritable) mood or loss of interest

(ahendonia).

  Sleep Disturbance, weight change, loss of energy, guilt, thoughts of death & suicide.

  An episode lasts approx. 6 months

   90% recover w/ 50% relapsing at some point in life.

mild to moderate symptoms of depression. Suffer on most days for at least 2 years.

can last up to 20+ years.

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy combined with medication is highly successful in relieving symptoms and preventing relapse.
• Therapy helps patients think more adaptively

Associated with emotions: fear, aggression, drive for food and sex.

Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala

Sensory input for touch and body position.

Contains map of body. Somatosensory Cortex

Receives auditory information from the opposite ear.

Also: Memory and recognition of faces.

Piaget's Developmental Stages

• Sensorimotor Stage: Birth-2 yrs. Experience through senses
• Preoperational: 2-6 yrs. Using words and images, intuition instead of logic
• Operational: 7-11 yrs. Thinking logically about events, arithmatic is possible
• Formal Operational: 12+. Abstract Thought

Spinal cord can block pain or allow it through. 

• Small Fibers cause pain
• Large fibers stop pain

1. Psychology should be objective
2. Studies shouldn't reference mental processes "The mind doesn't matter"

Recall= bring up information that is not in conscious awareness.

Recognition= be able to identify items previously learned.

Accommodate: Adapt or change the schema based n new experience

Assimilation: Put new information in to an existing schema

Intense mood, fears of abandonment, relationship problems, can not stand to be alone. "Sex used as a weapon" Overwhelmingly female.

Caused: Abuse in early life, rejection by early caregivers. 

Lack of empathy or remorse. Hedonistic motives, shallow relationships, impulsive behavior.

Must see early signs before age 15, but will not be diagnosed until 18.

-Links to Biology: No fear or anxiety.

-Most from low socioeconomic background, child abuse a factor.

The more people who are around, the less likely someone is to help.

1. Diffusion of Responsibility
2. Fear of Making a Mistake
3. Anonymity
4. Cause person more harm than good

Reward, motivation, voluntary movements,

Novelty Seeking

Reuptake-Recycles the chemicals

Enzyme Deactivation-Gets rid of excess with enzymes

Autoreception-Some can monitor receptor sites and stop when they are full.

Right Hemisphere-

• Spatial Orientation and Reasoning
• Facial Recognition
• Images

Left Hemisphere-

• Language

Receptors:

A-delta: myelinated, cause sharp pain

C fibers: slow, dull, pain that is activated by chemical changes in the tissue when skin is damaged.

Long term, chronic, and pervasive

Habitual Interactions that are maladaptive

Categories

• Paranoid/schizoid/schizotypal: reclusive, suspicious. strange behaviors
• Histrionic/narcissistic/borderline/antisocial: dramatic, emotional, erratic
• Avoidant/dependent/obsessive compulsive: anxious, fearful behaviors