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| Originates from Philosophy and Biology |
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| idea that we have a seperate spiritual mind interacting with our body |
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| mind and body of the same substance |
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| genetics, heredity shape behavior |
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| environmental effects shape behaviors |
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| everything and every behavior has a cause |
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| Empiricism, nothing in the brain that didn't enter through the senses or experiment |
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| everything is learned through experiences, method of gaining knowledge through experience and experiment |
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| born with inherant traits |
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| Nativist, intelect itself is inherant |
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| start with a prior knowledge |
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| different areas of the brain responsible for different functions, downfall was phrenology |
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| idea that you can analize the scalp and realate to brain functions |
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| law of specific nerve energy |
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| everything can be explained through physics and chemistry |
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| damage to specific brain areas result in specific language defects |
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| applying current to the brain results in muscle movement |
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| Darwin "The Origin of Species" |
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| humans are related both biologically and psychologically to other animals |
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| First psychologist, examined conciousness through introspection, broke down conciousness into parts |
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| functionalist, wrote first textbook on psychology, influenced by Darwin |
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| study of the usefulness of conciousness and utility of behavior |
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| behaviorist, focused on behavior, environment responsible for shaping who you are, influenced by Pavlov |
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| psychoanalytic psychology, interrested with personality |
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| everything is percieved as a whole, the whole os greater than all its parts |
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| humans unique in potential for self inprovement |
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| scientific knowledge is based on scientific method, experimental method |
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| concluded from probabilistic resoning, scintific method is self correcting |
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| Scientific Curiosity About Behavior |
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| based on observation, intuition, training |
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| Curiosity or question, generate hypothesis, design experiment, conduct experiments, analize results, validate experiment, publish results |
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| prediction about outcome of experiment |
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| define in terms of how you plan to measure, makes theoretical questions empirical |
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| manipulated to determine affect an dependant variable |
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| aspect allowed to freely vary to see if affected by changes in the dependent variable |
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| all manipulations take place to all subjects, response is measured both before and after exposue to independent variable |
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| participants split where one group acts as a control and others experience different variable combinations |
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| unknown variables that might have an effect on the outcome of the experiment |
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| assumption that no differences exist between groups, accepted or rejected using statisics |
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| peer review by scientists, results published if concensus thinks it should be, scienc is a conservative human enterprise |
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| allows other scientists to generate new experiments, allows others to replicate experiments and extend original findings |
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| experiments in which groups can not be randomly assigned, ex: comparing different groups in the population (extasy) |
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| Surveys, Case Study, Standardized Tests, Functional Relationships, Coorelation Research |
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| assessing groups of individuals, sample population |
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| in depth study of one individual |
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| assesses individual differences, results often produce a normal distribution |
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| relationships between changes in independent variables and changes in dependent variables |
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| Coorelational Relationships |
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| finding relationships between two variables; +1 perfectly possitive coorelation, -1 perfectly negetive coorelation, 0 no coorelation; coorelation doesn't apply causation |
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| extent to which repeated tests will generate a similar result; test-retest, alternate-form, split-half |
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| Internation Review Board reviews research to consider issues like: does research consider welfare of subject, justifyable, privacy ensured, informed of outcome, can subject give informed consent |
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| twins study split at birth |
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| Darwin's Theory of Evolution |
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| On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection |
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| characteristic improving fit to environment increasing survival |
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| genetic construction of an individual |
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| physical expression of features in an organism resulting from interactions between genotype and environment |
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| permanent random errors occuring during DNA replication, typically harmful |
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| theory that genetics changes can occur in population through inheritance of characteristics aquired during a lifetime |
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| changes in behavior resulting from experience |
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| adaptive, interaction genetics with environment, human facial expressions |
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| study of species typical behaviors |
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| preliminary behaviors that proceed and lead to cunsummatory behaviors |
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| innate survival behaviors such as copulating and eating |
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| rapid development of a response to a specific stimulus at a particular stage of development |
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| programmed sequence of behaviors triggered by a particular stimuli |
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| Medulla, Pons, Midbrain; recieves inputs, instinctive patterns of movement, reflexes, vital for biological functions: breathing heartbeat |
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| % of brain devoted to functions is higher in humans than other animals; motor, sensory, and association areas |
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| damaged frontal lobe (railroad spike) |
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| planning motor movements(towards front), inhibition(ugly baby), role numerous cognative tasks |
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| Limbic system in part, drives and emotional areas, language areas; *Broca and Wernicke's areas(left temporal)*, Aphasia, memory areas(middle), Hippocampus(amnesia) |
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| sight, memory and comprehension of visual materials |
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| Thalmus and Somatosensory Cortex, Homunculus, more nerves in body area equals larger brain representation |
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| responsible for: coordinate motor activity, memory of motor activity, development of conditioned assotiations |
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| Left-language, and right connected |
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| present words through headphones to left and right ears simultaneously, most report right ear, indicates that left side of brain processes language |
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| set of fibers connecting the two hemispheres, Epileptic activity can travel across the corpus callosum testing ball in hand |
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| merging of Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection with the science of genetics |
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| the deliberate selection of desired characteristics in plants and animals |
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| any feature of an environment that allows one phenotype to have reproductive advantage over another |
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