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| The processes that underlie the mental manipulation of knowledge, usually in an attempt to reach a goal or solve a problem |
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| The rules of language that enable the communicator to combine arbitrary symbols to convey meaning |
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| Rules governing how sounds should be combined to make words in a language |
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| Rules governing how words should be combined to form sentences |
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| The rules used in language to communicate meaning |
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| The smallest significant sound units in speech |
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| The smallest units in a language that carry meaning |
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| The literal ordering of words in a sentence |
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| The underlying representation of meaning in a sentence |
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| The practical knowledge use to comprehend the intentions of a speaker and to produce an effective response |
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| A class of objects (people, places, things) that most people agree belong together |
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| The set of features necessary to make objects acceptable members of a category |
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| The core features that category members share; a given member of the category may have some but not all of these features |
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| The best or most representative member of a category |
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| Specific examples of category members that are stored in long-term memory |
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| The level in a category hierarchy that provides the most useful and predictive information; the basic level usually resides at intermediate level in a category hierarchy (ex: cat is basic level) |
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| A problem with a well-stated goal, a clear starting point, and a relatively easy way to tell when a solution has been obtained |
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| A problem, such as the search for 'happiness,' that has no well-stated goal, no clear starting point, and no mechanism for evaluation progress |
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| The tendency to see objects, and their functions, in certain fixed and typical ways |
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| Step-by-step rules or procedures that, if applied correctly, guarantee a problem solution |
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| The rules of thumb we use to solve problems; heuristics can usually be applied quickly but they do not guarantee that a solution will be found |
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| A problem solving heuristic that involves devising actions, or means, that reduce the distance between the current staring point and the desired end |
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| A problem solving heuristic that involves starting at the goal and moving backward towards the starting point to see how the goal state can be reached |
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| A problem solving heuristic that involves trying to find a connection between the current problem and some previous problem you have solved successfully |
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| The tendency to rely on well-established strategies when attempting to solve problems |
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| The moment when a problem solution seems to pop suddenly into ones mind |
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| The thought processes involved in evaluating and choosing from among a set of alternatives; it usually involves some kind of risk |
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| The way in which the alternatives in a decision- making situation are structured |
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| The tendency to seek out and use information that supports and confirms a prior decision or belief |
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| In decision making, the tendency to cling to initial beliefs when confronted with disconfirming evidence |
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| Representativeness Heuristic |
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Definition
| The tendency to make decision based on an alternative's similarity, or representativeness, in relation to an ideal. (ex: people decide whether a sequence is random based on how irregular the sequence looks) |
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Definition
| The tendency to base estimates on the ease with which examples come to mind |
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