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Intro to Psych- Chapter 1
From Test 1
84
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/07/2010

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Term
Psychology
Definition
The scientific study of behavior and the mind.
Term
Mind
Definition
The contents and processes of subjective experience: sensations, thoughts, and emotions.
Term
Behavior
Definition
Observable actions such as moving about, talking, gesturing, and so on' behaviors can also refer to the activities of cells and to thoughts and feelings.
Term
Clinical Psychology
Definition
Psychologist who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems.
Term
Counseling Psychologist
Definition
Likely to deal with adjustment problems, like marriage and family problems
Term
Psychiatrist
Definition
Medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems
Term
Applied Psychologists
Definition
Psychologists who extend the principles of scientific psychology to practical problems in the world.
Term
School Psychologist
Definition
Works with students in primary and secondary schools to help them perform well academically an socially
Term
Industrial/Organizational Psychologist
Definition
Works in industry to help improve moral, train new recruits, or help managers establish effective lines of communication with their employees.
Term
Human Factors Psychologists
Definition
Play a key role in the design and engineering of new products
Term
Mapping
Definition
The relationship between control knobs and burners that humans learn to control a stove (stove is an example)
Term
Research Psychologists
Definition
Psychologists who try to discover the basic principles of behavior and mind
Term
Personality Psychologists
Definition
Concerned with the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across situations and also with how people differ
Term
CognitivePsychologists
Definition
Focus on higher mental processes, such as memory
Term
Social Psychologists
Definition
Psychologists that are interested in how people think about, influence, and relate to each other
Term
Empiricism
Definition
The idea that knowledge comes directly from experience
Term
Rene Descartes
Definition
Argued that the mind and body are separate: the physical body, he claimed, cannot think, nor is it possible to explain thinking by appealing to physical matter. He believed the mind controlled the actions of a mechanical body through the pineal gland. He first introduced the idea of a reflex
Term
Tabula Rasa
Definition
Blank Tablet
Term
Pineal Gland
Definition
a small structure at the base of the brain
Term
Reflex
Definition
An automatic, involuntary reaction of the body to events in the environment
Term
Mind and Body
Definition
Psychologists believe they are one and the same
Term
Nativism
Definition
The idea that some knowledge is innate, or present at birth
Term
Immanuel Kant
Definition
German philosopher who invented the idea of nativism.
Term
Gestalt Psychology
Definition
Humans ar born with a certain fixed way of viewing the world. For example, this idea proposes that the visual system naturally organizes the sensory input in such a way that we cannot comprehend seeing an object in another way.
Term
Experience
Definition
Fundamentally affects the way we perceive the world
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
Believed that both physical and psychological characteristics were naturally selected for their adapted value.
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
Idea that some individuals are better than others at overcoming obstacles and solving the problems present in their environment because they have evolved more than other individuals
Term
Nature via Nurture
Definition
The idea that humans are born with a brain that is predisposed to act and think in particular ways but that the way that the brain thinks is also influenced by experience.
Term
William Wundt
Definition
First person to establish a psychology laboratory (and also the first to conduct experiments). He is recognized as the founder, or father, of modern psychology.
Term
Structuralism
Definition
An early school of psychology; structuralists tired to understand the mind by breaking it down into basic parts, much as chemists might try to understand a chemical compound. Founded by Edward Titchener.
Term
Edward Titchener
Definition
Proposed that immediate experience could be broken down into elements- primary sensations and feelings. He believed that it was the job of the psychologist to identify these elements and then discover how they combine to produce meaningful wholes. This approach was later named structuralism.
Term
Systematic Introspection
Definition
An early technique used to study the mind; systematic introspection required people to look inward and describe their own experiences. This was created to solve the problem of the subjectiveness of mental events, which made them difficult to record.
Term
Functionalism
Definition
An early school of psychology; functionalists believed that the proper way to understand mind and behavior is to first analyze their function and purpose.
Term
William James
Definition
A functionalist who was convinced that to understand a mental process its function must be considered. He believed that to understand how memory worked, he had to first consider the purpose of memorization: what kinds of problems did our memory systems help solve? He is considered the father of American Psychology.
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
A school of psychology proposing that the only proper subject matter of psychology is observable behavior rather than immediate conscious experience. Created by John B. Watson.
Term
John B. Watson
Definition
Created behaviorism. He was convinced that psychology should discard all references to consciousness because it cannot be publicly observed and therefore fall outside the proper domain of science.
Term
B. F. Skinner
Definition
Discovered the principles of behavior modification- how actions are changed by reinforcement and non reinforcement. Is a behaviorist.
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
term used by Freud to describe his theory of mind and system of therapy
Term
Humanistic Psychology
Definition
A movement in psychology that focuses on people's unique capacities for choice, responsibility, and growth,
Term
Carl Rogers
Definition
Helped develop the humanistic perspective, which focuses on our unique capacity for self-awarness, personal responsibility, and growth.
Term
Margaret Floy
Definition
First woman to receive her Ph. D. in psych. and the second female president of the American Psychological Association. Was a Behaviorist. Wrote The Animal Mind
Term
Helen Thompson Wooley
Definition
Helped pioneer the study of sex differences and abolished a number of myths about women that were widely accepted at the time
Term
Eclectic Approach
Definition
The idea that it's useful to select information from several sources rather than to rely entirely on a single perspective or school of thought.
Term
Cognitive Revolution
Definition
The shift away from strict behaviorism, begun in the 1950's, characterized by renewed interest in fundamental problems of consciousness and internal mental processes.
Term
Cognitive Factors
Definition
How we think and perceive things; many psychologists are now convinced that through studying how we think, they will be able to determine what causes psychological disorders.
Term
Biological Factors
Definition
Psychologists have found a link between structures in the brain and the phenomena of behavior and mind. THey believe that by studying pictures of the brian and its activity they will be able to pinpoint where psychological problems occur.
Term
Evolutionary Psychology
Definition
A movement preposing that we're born with mental processes and "software" that guide our thinking and behavior. These innate mechanisms were acquired through natural selection in our ancestral past and help us to solve specific adaptive problems
Term
Culture
Definition
The shared values, customs, and beliefs of a group or community
Term
Socrates
Definition
Believed in reincarnation and recycling of knowledge; he thought that you were born with all the knowledge you would receive and that a teacher had to 'draw' the knowledge out of the mind by asking questions
Term
Aristotle
Definition
Did not believe in Socratic way of teaching; he thought that everyone was born with a blank slate and that knowledge came from observations (empirical evidence) and testing theories
Term
Aristotle
Definition
Did not believe in Socratic way of teaching; he thought that everyone was born with a blank slate and that knowledge came from observations (empirical evidence) and testing theories
Term
Dualism
Definition
Two worlds- the mental and physical; people exist in both. God exists in mental world, souls don't have a physical location but after physical body dies souls travel either to heaven or hell
Term
Locke
Definition
Believed all knowledge came from experience and that since no person was born with innate knowledge then monarchs were no greater than normal people
Term
Associationism
Definition
Developed by David Hume, this idea stated that ideas grew off of each other, and that all ideas started out as simple thoughts and then were associated with more complex thoughts.
Term
Franz Anton Mesmer
Definition
Created Memserism, an early form of hypnotism, and used it to treat psychological disorders. His theory was that everyone has a magnetic gravitational fluid flowing through them and that if you have the ability to channel that fluid you are sane
Term
Jean Martin Charcot
Definition
Put Mesmerism to use in his hospital that was filled with young women diagnosed with 'hysteria.' He believed that disobedient women had traveling uteruses that caused them to go into hysterics- told families that he could cure them of their disobedience using hypnotism. Everyone thought it worked b/c girls faked getting better for rewards
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
Student of Charcot that rejected hypnotism and hysteria. He created the idea of relaxing in an psycologist's office. Thought that all the women he was studying wanted to have sex with relatives and based his theories off of that.
Term
Id
Definition
The portion of personality that is governed by inborn instinctual drives, particularly those related to sex and aggression.
Term
Ego
Definition
The portion of personality that induces people to act with reason and deliberation and helps them conform to the requirements of the external world.
Term
Super Ego
Definition
The portion of personality that motivates people to act in an ideal fashion, in accordance with the moral customs defined by parents and culture
Term
Psychodynamic Theory
Definition
An approach to personality development, based largely on Freud's theories, that holds that much of behavior is governed by unconscious forces
Term
Conscious Mind
Definition
The contents of awareness- those things that occupy the focus of one's current attention
Term
Preconscious Mind
Definition
THe art of the mind that contains all of the inactive but potentially accessible thoughts and memories
Term
Unconscious Mind
Definition
The part of the mind that contains all the memories, urges, and conflicts that are truly beyond awareness
Term
Defense Mechanisms
Definition
According to Freud, Unconscious processes used by the ego to ward off the anxiety that come from confrontation, usually the the demands of the id.
Term
Repression
Definition
A defense mechanism used to bury anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings in the unconscious.
Term
Oral Stage
Definition
The first stage of Freud's conception of psychosexual development, occurring in the first year of life; in this stage, pleasure is derived from sucking and placing things in the mouth.
Term
Oral Stage
Definition
The first stage of Freud's conception of psychosexual development, occurring in the first year of life; in this stage, pleasure is derived from sucking and placing things in the mouth.
Term
Anal Stage
Definition
Freud's second stage of development, occurring in teh second year of life; pleasure is derived form the process of defecation
Term
Phallic Stage
Definition
Freud's third stage of development, lasting from about three to five; pleasure is derived from self stimulation of the sexual organs
Term
Latency Period
Definition
Freud's period of psychosexual development, from age 5 to puberty, during which the child's sexual feelings are largely suppressed.
Term
Genital Stage
Definition
Freud's final stage of development, during which one develops mature sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex.
Term
Collective Unconscious
Definition
The notion proposed by Carl Jung that certain kings of universal symbols and ideas are present in the unconscious of all people
Term
Alfred Adler
Definition
Believed that personalities arose form our attempts to overcome or compensate for fundamental feelings of inadequacy. He coined the term "inferiority complex"
Term
Karen Horney
Definition
Argued that Freud painted women in the wrong way and that we do not have 'penis envy'
Term
Humanistic Psychology
Definition
An approach to personality that focuses on people's unique capacity for choice, responsibility, and growth.
Term
Freud's definition of Anxiety
Definition
When there is a conflict with the Id, Ego, and Superego
Term
Denial
Definition
It's not happening
Term
Repression
Definition
It didn't happen
Term
Projection
Definition
I'm not like that, you are
Term
Reaction Formation
Definition
I'm not like that, I'm the opposite of that
Term
Rationalization
Definition
There are good reasons why I am like that
Term
Displacement
Definition
I need to go work out- taking feelings out in another way
Term
Sublimation
Definition
Converting emotional energy into creative energy to make works of art
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