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Intro to Psych
Sensation and Perception
49
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/12/2009

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Term
Sensation
Definition
a physical process: the she stimulation of our sense organs by features of the outer world
Term
Perception
Definition
-a psychological process: the act of organizing and interpreting sensory experience
Term
Sensory adaption
Definition
- the process by which our sensitivity diminished when an object constantly stimulates our senses
Term
Transduction
Definition
- the conversion of physical into neural information
Term
Psychophysics
Definition
-the study of how ppl psychologically perceive physical stimuli such as light, sound waves, and touch
Term
Absolute threshol
Definition
d- the lowest intensity level of a stimulus a person can detect half of the time
Term
Signal detection theory
Definition
-the viewpoint that both stimulus intensity and decision making processes are involved in the detection of a stimulus
Term
Difference threshold
Definition
-the smallest amount of change b/w 2 stimuli that a person can detect half of the time
Term
Weber’s law
Definition
- the finding that the size of a just noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus
Term
Perceptual set
Definition
-the effect of frame of mind on perception; a tendency to perceive stimuli in a certain manner
Term
Pupil
Definition
-the opening in the iris through which light enters the eye
Term
Iris
Definition
-the muscle that forms the colored part of the eye; it adjusts the pupil to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye
Term
Cornea
Definition
-the clear hard covering that protects the lens of the eye
Term
Lens
Definition
-the structure that sits behind the pupil; it bends the light rays that enter the eye to focus images on the retina
Term
Accomadation
Definition
the process by which muscles control the shape of the lens to adjust to viewing objects different distances
Term
Retina
Definition
the thin layer of nerve tissue that lines the back of the eye
Term
Photoreceptors
Definition
cells in the retina (called rods and cones) that convert light energy into nerve energy; they are transducers
Term
Rods
Definition
-photoreceptors that function in low illumination and play a key role in night vision; responsive to dark and light contrast
Term
Dark Adaptation
Definition
process of adjustment to seeing in the dark
Term
Cones
Definition
- photoreceptors that are responsible for color vision and are most functional in conditions of bright light
Term
Fovea
Definition
spot on the back of the retina that contains the highest concentration of cones in the retina place of clearest vision
Term
Visual activity
Definition
the ability to see clearly
Term
Optic nerve
Definition
structure composed of the axons of ganglion cells from the retina that carry visual information from the eye to the brain
Term
Optic Chiasm
Definition
the point at which strands of the optic nerve from half of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain
Term
Feature detectors
Definition
neurons in the visual cortex that analyze the retinal image and respond to specific aspects of shapes, such as angles and movements
Term
Depth perception
Definition
the ability to see things in three dimensions and to discriminate what is near from what is far
Term
Binocular depth cues
Definition
aids to depth perception that rely on input from both eyes
Term
Convergence
Definition
a binocular way in which the eyes move inward as an object moves closer to you
Term
Monocular depth cues
Definition
aids to depth perception that do not require two eyes
Term
Perceptual constancy
Definition
the ability of the brain to perceive perception of objects in spite of changes in retinal image when an object changes in position or distance from the viewer
Term
Gestalt Laws of Grouping
Definition
Similarity – tendency to group like objects together in visual perception

Continuity- tendency to see points and lines in such a way that they follow a continuous path

Proximity-Tendency to group objects together that are near one another

Closure-tendency to see a whole object even complete information is unavailable

Figure-ground-figure stands out in front of a uniform background
Term
Bottom-up/Top-down
Definition
Bottom-up principle-assembling a perceptual experience
/Top-down processing- perception of the whole based on our experience and expectations, which guide our perception of smaller elemental features of a stimulus
Term
Trichromatic color theory
Definition
all color results from mixing of red green and blue light. Retina has three types of receptor cones each sensitive to different wavelengths of light
Term
Opponent process theory
Definition
cones are lined together in three opposing pairs: blue/yellow, red/green, black/white. Activating one member in the pair inhibits activity in the other.
Term
Tympanic membrane
Definition
eardrum
Term
cochlea
Definition
a bony tube of the inner ear, which is curled like a snail’s shell and filled w/ fluid
Term
Basilar membrane
Definition
a membrane that runs through the cochlea; contains the hair cells
Term
Hair Cells
Definition
inner ear sensory receptors that transducer sound vibrations into neural impulses
Term
Auditory nerve
Definition
the nerve that receives action potentials from the hair cells and transmits auditory info to the brain
Term
Semicircular canals
Definition
structure of the inner ear involved in maintain balance
Term
Bodily senses
Definition
senses based in the skin, body, or membrane surfaces
Term
Mechanoreceptors
Definition
receptor cells in the skin that are sensitive to different tactile qualities, such as shape, grooves, or vibrations
Term
Pain
Definition
a complex emotional and sensory experience associated w/actual or potential tissue damage
Term
Gate control theory
Definition
idea that the spinal cord regulates the experience of pain by either opening or closing neural channels, called gates, that transmit pain sensations to the brain
Term
Olfactory sensory
Definition
Olfactory sensory neurons- the sensory receptor for smell that reside high up inside the nose

Olfactory bulb- a forebrain structure that sends info either directly to the smell processing areas in the cortex or indirectly to the cortex by the way of the thalamus
Term
Papillae
Definition
textured structures on the surface of the tongue that contain thousands of taste buds
Term
Taste buds
Definition
structures inside the papillae of the tongue that contain the taste receptor cells
Term
Taste receptor cells
Definition
sensory receptors that reside in the taste buds
Term
Synesthesia
Definition
an unusual sensory experience in which a person experiences sensations in one sense when a different sense is stimulated
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