Term
|
Definition
| An agent which causes stress (in the short term they can have positive affects, however long term stress causes problems) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physical and emotional response to stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges. |
|
|
Term
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the adrenal glands secrete glucocorticoid stress hormones such as cortisol. Helps body to fisht or flee from the stressor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pull back from the stressor, conserve energy. (for example during the death of a loved one) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reaction to cope with stress. Often employed by women. Seek and give support. |
|
|
Term
| General adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
|
Definition
| Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three states—alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
|
|
Term
| Effects of prolonged stress |
|
Definition
| Physical deterions, production of neurons slow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catastrophes, significant life changes, daily hassles |
|
|
Term
| psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) |
|
Definition
| the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances—even “good” ones |
|
|
Term
| The effect of stress on illness |
|
Definition
| Does not cause illness but can help it progress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ttempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ttempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when we feel we have no control we become more stressed |
|
|
Term
| omplementary and alternative medicine |
|
Definition
| as yet unproven health care treatments intended to supplement (complement) or serve as alternatives to conventional medicine, and which typically are not widely taught in medical schools, used in hospitals, or reimbursed by insurance companies. When research shows a therapy to be safe and effective, it usually then becomes part of accepted medical practice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition |
|
|
Term
| fundamental attribution error |
|
Definition
| he tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
|
|
Term
| central route to persuasion |
|
Definition
| occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thought |
|
|
Term
| peripheral route to persuasion |
|
Definition
| occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness |
|
|
Term
| foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
|
Definition
| the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
|
|
Term
| cognitive dissonance theory |
|
Definition
| the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes. |
|
|
Term
| normative social influence |
|
Definition
| influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
|
|
Term
| informational social influence |
|
Definition
| influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| he loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
|
|
Term
| other-race effect. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias |
|
Definition
| he tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. |
|
|
Term
| frustration-aggression principle |
|
Definition
| he principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proximity, physical attractivness, similarity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| n aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| n expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
|
|
Term
| social-responsibility norm |
|
Definition
| an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iving priority to goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. |
|
|
Term
| concrete operational stage |
|
Definition
| in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?” . Most children have developed this by age 12. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parents impose rules and expect obedience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parents submit to their children’s desires. They make few demands and use little punishment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules and enforcing them, but they also explain the reasons for rules. And, especially with older children, they encourage open discussion when making the rules and allow exceptions. Best form of parenting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what piaget describes as intellectual summit achieved in teenagers year in which you become capable of abstract reasoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Before age 9, most children’s morality focuses on self-interest: They obey rules either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| y early adolescence, morality focuses on caring for others and on upholding laws and social rules, simply because they are the laws and rules. |
|
|
Term
| Postconventional morality |
|
Definition
| With the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought, people may reach a third moral level. Actions are judged “right” because they flow from people’s rights or from self-defined, basic ethical principles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to early twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood |
|
|
