Term
| modern estimate of age of earth |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
organize earths history into blocks of time
based on history & evolution of life on earth |
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Definition
| radio active elements decay at known rates |
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Definition
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Definition
| largest subdivision on geologic time scale |
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Definition
| 4.65 billion-542 million years ago |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
subdivision of eon
named on dominent life forms
boundaries mass extinction |
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Term
| phanerozoic eon has how many eras and what are they |
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Definition
paleozoic
mesozoic
cenozoic |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| "recent life" 65-0(present) MYA |
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Definition
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| cenozoic era has what 2 periods |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| tertiary period has what to epochs |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| smallest division of matter |
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Term
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Definition
| positively charged particle, mass = 1Amu |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| negatively charged particle that orbit nucleus, no mass = 0 |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 type of atom, defined by number of protons in nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| # of protons + # of neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| same number of protons, different number of neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 or more elements combined together ex. H20 |
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen, silica,aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, other |
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Term
| 70% of earth made of these 2 elements |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| elements or compounds that are the building blocks of rocks |
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Term
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Definition
1. naturally occuring
2. inorganic-not created by biological process
3. solid
4. crystalline structure-atoms arranged in 3-D frame work
5. set chemical formula ex. NaCL |
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Term
| physical properties of a mineral |
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Definition
| crystal form, luster, streak, color, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and other properties - ex. specific gravity, ratio of weight to volume, reaction with acid, magnetic, taste, flouroscene/phosphorescense |
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Term
| crystal form (physical property of mineral) |
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Definition
shape crystal grows in
reflection of internal crystalline structure |
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Term
| luster (physical property of mineral) |
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Definition
the way mineral interacts with light
metallic- look like metal
non metallic-all other lusters ex. glassy,earthy,silky,resinous,pearly |
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Term
| streak (physical property of mineral) |
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Definition
color of mineral in powder form
rub on ceramic plate
nonmetallic make light
metallic make dark |
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Term
| color (physical property of mineral) |
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Definition
unreliable physical property
(transparent/translucent minerals)
trace elements
better for opaque or metallic minerals |
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Term
| hardness (physical property of mineral) |
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Definition
resistence of mineral to abrasion
mohs scale-compare mineral
1. talc 2. gypsum 3. calcite 4. flolorite 5. apatite 6. ortoclase(feldspar) 7. qaurtz 8. topaz 9. corundum 10. diamond |
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Term
| cleavage (physical property of mineral) |
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Definition
minerals break along lines of weakness in crystalline structure
# of surfaces, angle relationship |
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Term
| fracture (physical property of mineral) |
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Definition
distinct/other forms when broken
conchoidal-glass break |
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Term
| other properties (physical property of mineral) |
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Definition
specific gravity
ratio of weight to volume
reaction with acid
magnetic
taste
flourescene/phosphorescense |
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Definition
| one or more minerals or mineral like substance |
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Term
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Definition
| forms by the cooling of molten rock (lava or magma) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| felsic composition >65% silica, high in K & Na ex. qaurtz, k-feldspar, & micas |
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Term
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Definition
45-55% silica
high Fe,Mg,& Ca
ex. olovine,amphiboles,plagioclase feldspar |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| two types of igneous rock |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cooled beneath earths surface
large crystals
granite-felsic
gabbro-mafic
diorite-intermediate |
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Term
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Definition
cool at earths surface
small crystals
rhyolite-felsic
basalt-mafic
andesite-intermediate
obsidian-glass
pumice-woven glass
Tuff-rock made of volcanic ash and pyroclastics |
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Term
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Definition
rocks that form at earths surface
result from water,wind,ice & gravity&biological |
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Term
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Definition
| made of fragments of rocks |
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Term
| grain size of clastic rocks |
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Definition
>2mm gravel-breccia or conglomerate
.625-2mm sand-sandstone
.0004-.0625mm=silt-siltstone
<.0004= clay-mud shale |
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Term
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Definition
| rocks that form by the precipitation of minerals by biologic entities or precipition out of water |
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Term
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Definition
| altered by heat and pressure |
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Term
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Definition
creates a new mineral, new texture
shale->slate->schist->gneiss
^
in order of higher heat and pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| break down of rock by physical or chemical means |
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Term
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Definition
breakdown of rock by mechanical means
break into smaller peices without altering chemical composition of rock |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanical break down of rock caused by formation of ice crystals |
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Term
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Definition
breakdown of rocks by chemical reactions
change composition of rock
water always involved |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction with oxygen in the presence of water |
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Term
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Definition
reduces grain size
create new minerals |
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Term
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Definition
thin layer that is a mixture of mineral and organic matter that can support living plants
complex mix of liquids,gases,organic material,minerals,&organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| parent material, climate, topography organisms, and time |
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Term
| parent material (soil forming factor) |
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Definition
| rock regolith or sediment that the soil is developed in |
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Term
| permeability (soil forming factor) |
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Definition
| how connected are the pore space |
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Term
| temperature (soil forming factor) |
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Definition
control availability of liquid H20
control speed of biological & chemical reaction |
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Term
| precipitation (soil forming factor) |
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Definition
amount & type
provides H20 for biological & chemical processes |
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Term
| topography (soil forming factor) |
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Definition
shape of land surface
affects drainage of soils
rate of erosion |
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Term
| organisms(soil forming factor) |
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Definition
vegetation
micro-organisms
animals
physical weathering
adds organic material |
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Term
| time (soil forming factor) |
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Definition
increase in thickness
develope properties & structure through time |
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Term
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Definition
color
humus content
texture
structure
chemical properties
mineral composition |
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Term
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Definition
| layers within soils that are differentiated by their physical and chemical properties |
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Term
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Definition
| description of thickness& horizons present |
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Term
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Definition
| physical properties dominated by organic material |
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Term
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Definition
"top soil"
mineral horizon
high concentration of organic material |
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Term
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Definition
| leached of carbonates,iron&aluminum oxides, and clay |
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Term
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Definition
| where material from above accumulates |
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Term
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Definition
| loose, unconsolidated parent material |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| classify based on observable soil characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
earth has layers that differ in density
heaviest elements are in the center |
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Term
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Definition
| most dense elements are located here |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
liquid
convection currents |
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Term
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Definition
thick layer
82% of earth by volume |
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Term
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Definition
Asthenosphere
small amount of molten rock/melt
lithosphere
rigid solid |
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Term
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Definition
oceanic crust
mafic composition |
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Term
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Definition
felsic composition
thickest |
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Term
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Definition
| earth's crust is broken into plates that move relative to one another |
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Term
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Definition
plates moving away from each other
new crust formed |
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Term
| convergent plate boundary |
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Definition
| 2 plates move towards eachother |
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Term
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Definition
2 plates have unequal densities
denser plate pushed under less dense plate
create chains of volcanoes |
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Term
| continent to continent collision |
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Definition
plates have same density
neither can be pushed under and destroyed
build mountain chains |
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Term
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Definition
plates move past one another
no volcanoes
are earthquakes |
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Term
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Definition
plum of heat from deep in earth
"burns" through crust creating volcanoes |
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Term
| where can volcanoes be found |
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Definition
| mid ocean ridges, rift valleys,subduction zones, hotspots |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
low viscosity
high temp
ropey appearance |
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Term
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Definition
high viscosity
low temp
jagged and crumbly appearance |
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Term
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Definition
Aa, Pahoehoe->basaltic-mafic=45-55% silica
Aa->Andesitic-intermediate=55-65% silica
Aa->rhyolitic-felsic=>65%silica |
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Term
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Definition
| solids ejected during an eruption |
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Term
| volcano explosivity index |
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Definition
| volume of material ejected, height of plum, and furation& frequency of eruptions |
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Term
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Definition
0-1
mostly lava gentle eruption |
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Term
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Definition
gentle
mostly gas & pyroclastics
weekly basis |
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Term
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Definition
steam, pyroclastics, & gas
viscous lava after
yearly-decade |
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Term
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Definition
4-6
pyroclastics
plume 10-25 km
century |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| large,broad gently sloping volcano |
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Term
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Definition
| flat lying layers pf basalt, from plateous |
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Term
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Definition
steepsided
composed of alternating layers of pyroclastics and lava |
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Term
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Definition
| depression caused by the collapse or partial collapse of a volcano |
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Term
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Definition
| mass or plug of lava right on vent |
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Term
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Definition
small steep sided colcano
pyroclastics
lava flows,break and exit at base |
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Term
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Definition
| lava flows, ashfall, pyroclastic flow, lahar, large release of gasses,tsunami |
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Term
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Definition
| cracks in the earth along which movement occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| release of energy from fault rupture or movement |
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Term
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Definition
| actual location in earths crust where the rock ruptured |
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Definition
| location on earths surface directly above the focus |
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Term
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Definition
| energy from earthquake radiates out in all directions |
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Term
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Definition
compressional wave
rock movement is parallel to the wave movement |
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Term
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Definition
shear waves
rock movement is perpendicular to wave movement |
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Term
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Definition
| travel along earths surface |
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Term
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Definition
| device used to measure seismic waves |
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Term
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Definition
| energy released during an earthquake |
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Term
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Definition
| amplitude(height of the largest peak recorded |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 step on scale = 10x the amplitude, 32x the energy |
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Term
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Definition
| length of fault rupture, depth, strength of rock, and length of movement |
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Term
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Definition
| destructiveness of an earthquake as perceptible moving, shaking, and damage to human structure |
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Term
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Definition
| destructiveness of human structres and on eye witness accounts of ground movement |
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Term
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Definition
| ground shaking and displacement, liquefecation(while earth is shaking satured sediments near surface turn fluid, landslides, and tsunamis, fires,floods, spread of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| (while earth is shaking satured sediments near surface turn fluid |
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Definition
| channelized flow of water on earths surface |
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Definition
| runoff, discharge from groundwater |
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Definition
| area of land that contributes water to a stream network |
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Definition
| a topographically high are that seperates drainage basins |
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Term
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Definition
arrangement of streams in a drainage basin
controlled by the type of structures or rock under the stream |
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Definition
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Definition
| volume of water flowing through a givenlocation or cross section of a stream per unit time |
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Definition
| elevation of water surface above a known elevation |
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Definition
| level of water to the channel |
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Definition
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Definition
| channel is completely filled with water |
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Definition
| water spills out to surrounding area |
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Definition
| changes in stream vs time |
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Definition
| sediment moving in stream |
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Definition
transported in contact with bottom of stream
pushed or rolled
jumping |
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Definition
transported in water
silts and clays |
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Term
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Definition
floating along surface
organic stuff |
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Definition
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Definition
| size of largest particle a stream can transport |
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Definition
| total volume of sediment it can transport |
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Definition
| where water is transported |
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Definition
| water in pore spaceof soil or rock |
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Definition
| body of saturated rock or sediment that is capable of yeilding significant quantities of water |
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Definition
| body of saturated rock or sediment that is not capable of yeilding signifacant water |
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Definition
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Definition
| landscape that is shaped by the solution of bedrock |
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Term
| karst landforms on surface |
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Definition
| sink hole, polje, disappearing or sinking streams,springs, tower karst |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sinkholes merge together to form valleys |
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Term
| disappearing or sinking streams |
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Definition
| surface streams enter sink and continue underground |
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Term
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Definition
| groundwater system discharges into the surface system |
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Definition
| steepsided limestone hill/towers |
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Term
| subsurface karst landforms |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| form from ceiling downwards |
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Definition
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Definition
| stalagmite & stalactite grow together |
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Definition
curved or curly stalactites
ribbons, curtains, drapes |
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Definition
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Definition
| mountain that have been sculpted by glaciers |
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Definition
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Definition
| set of cirques downside of mountain |
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Definition
| series of tarns linked together by short streams |
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Definition
| steepsided flat, bottemed valley formd by glacier |
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Definition
| u shaped valley that has been flooded by sea |
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Definition
| u shaped valley of a tributary glacier meets the main u shaped valley of trunk glacier |
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Term
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Definition
| pyramid shaped mountain peak formed by the erosion of several cirques |
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Definition
| knife like ridge between two cirques or 2 u shaped valleys |
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Definition
| ridges of sediment, built by ice at the edge of the glacier |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rolling hills & depressions |
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Term
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Definition
| formed along sides of glaciers between the ice & the valley wall |
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Term
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Definition
| moraine that forms between two lobes of an ice sheet |
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Term
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Definition
| streamlined hills formed under ice sheet |
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Term
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Definition
| sinuous ridge formed undr the ice sheet |
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Term
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Definition
| hills formed by inversion of topography |
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Term
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Definition
| closed depression formed by the inversion of topography |
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Term
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Definition
| outwash deposits extending from front of ice sheet |
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Term
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Definition
| features that are formed from cold (ice) |
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Term
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Definition
| driven by prevailing winds |
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Term
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Definition
| driven by density differences |
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Term
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Definition
| sediment currents that sweep down continental slopes onto sea floor |
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Term
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Definition
| wind pushes on surface of water |
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Term
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Definition
| water molecule movement in water |
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Term
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Definition
| depth to which water is distributed |
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Term
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Definition
| wave fronts intersect the shor at an angle |
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Term
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Definition
| weak current that moves parrallel to the shore |
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Term
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Definition
| sediment moving parallel to the shore with the longshore current |
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Term
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Definition
| longshore current escapes seaward |
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Term
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Definition
| mass of water pushed infort of a storm |
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Term
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Definition
| cyclic fluctuation of sealevel caused by the gravitational pull of moon & sun on oceans |
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Term
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Definition
| where wave energy decreases and longshore currents slow |
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Term
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Definition
| ridges that mark high extent wave action |
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Term
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Definition
| extention or buildup of beach by longshore current across an inlet |
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Term
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Definition
| build up of sediment behind a breakwater or obstacle |
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Term
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Definition
| long low islands of sediment that run parallel to shore |
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Term
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Definition
| stream that enters ocean/ lake |
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Term
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Definition
| sediment being carried by wave |
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Term
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Definition
| pillar of rock that sticks out of ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| mass of ice and snow that flows under its own weight |
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Term
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Definition
processes that removed mass from glacier
melting, carving, sublimation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| leaves cirque and flows down valley, form into networks |
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Term
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Definition
| glacier that enters the ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| when glacier extends outside the confines of valley, they spread or fan out |
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Term
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Definition
| large ice masses on landscape less that 50,000 km^2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| deposited directly from glacial ice |
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Term
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Definition
| sediment deposited by glacial meltwater |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| shore parallel structures |
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Definition
| absorb and reflect wave energy |
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Term
| shore perpendicular structure |
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Definition
| disrupt the longshore current |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a pair of groins that protect an inlet or navigation to a harbor |
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Term
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Definition
| artificially add/supply sand to the beach to creat a positive budget/ balance |
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