Term
|
Definition
(Materialism)
Physical matter is the only reality
Pre-Socratics & Aristotle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Naturalist
4 cause: material cause
formal cause
efficient cause
final cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reason as a source of knowledge
Socrates
Plato
Descartes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rationalist
before anyone can understand the world, they need to understand themselves through rational thought
reality is unavailable to those who use their senses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rationalist
justification is by reason;
World of Forms
Forms are eternal, necessary, and unchanging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rationalist
cogito ergo sum
I think therefore I am
can't rely on senses (wax example)
humans can doubt all existence, but not the thinking consciousness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
theory of knowledge emphasizing role of experience as information of ideas; discounting notion of innate ideas
Locke & Hume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Empiricist
tabula rasa "clean slate" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Empiricist
all we know are perceptions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Individual human beings have full responsibility for creating the meanings of their own lives.
Kierkegaard & Nietzche |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Father of Existentialism
Existence PRECEDES essence: man defines his reality
people make decisions based on what has meaning to them, rather than what is rational. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bridged empiricism & rationalism
Due to limitations of reason, no one can ever know (or not know) there is (or isn't) a God/afterlife.
understanding of external world through BOTH experience & a priori. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
self-control and detachment from distracting emotions (pleasure or pain) allows one to become a clear, level-headed, unbiased thinker.
*Improving individual's spiritual well-being
Through virtue & reason, one can overcome discord of outside world
Augustine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
everything in universe is created my God simultaneously
Faith OVER Reason |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Father of Scholastism & realist
God's existence: that then which nothing is greater can be conceived
*Faith seeking understanding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Father of Neoplatonism
There is a supreme "One" that emanates through everything... beyond all categories of being and non-being
nous=soul
Union w/ God= mystical ecstasy |
|
|
