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| The study of how diseases alter normal physiological processes of the human body. pathos = disease; physiology = function of the body |
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| sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from initial contact with causative agent until expression of the disease |
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| sum of knowledge of method of introduction of cause of disease |
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| cause of disease is unknown |
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| diseases that occur as a result of medical treatment |
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| diseases acquired as a consequence of being in the hospital |
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| naming or identification of disease |
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| prediction of the course and end of a disease and the estimate of chance for recovery |
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| onset rapid, duration short term, signs and symptoms often intense, prognosis self-limiting |
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| slow onset, characterized by periods of exacerbations and remission. Usually there is some permanent impairment |
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| periods where symptoms disappear or diminish significantly |
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| periods when the symptoms become worse or more severe |
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| onset of a disease in a person who is already coping with another existing disease |
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| unwanted outcomes of having disease or trauma |
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| signs and symptoms or evidence of disease |
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| any objective evidence of the disease which can be taken in through the senses. local - redness or swelling; systemic - fever |
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| any subjective evidence of a patients condition |
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| is the time during which a person experiences vague symptoms such as fatigue or loss of appetite before the onset of specific signs and symptoms of a disease |
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| vague or nonspecific feelings and an awareness that there is a change within the body |
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| time during which no symptoms are readily apparent in the affected person, but the disease is nevertheless present in the body |
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| group of symptoms that occur together and may be caused by several interrelated problems or a specific disease |
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| an abnormality of function |
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| the study of tracking patterns or disease occurrence and transmission among populations and by geographic areas |
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| the number of new cases occurring in a specific period |
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| number of existing cases within a population during a specific period |
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| risk factors (predisposing factors) |
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| factors that increase the probability that disease will occur, but are not the cause of disease |
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| a condition or event that does cause a pathologic event or disorder |
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| a factor that may be present or absent for an illness to occur. It may be biological, chemical, physical, mechanical, or psychosocial |
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| living beings capable of being infected or affected by an agent |
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| everything external to the host that makes illness more or less likely |
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| decrease or shrinkage in cell size. most common in skeletal muscle, the heart, secondary sex organs and the brain. |
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| an increase in the size of cells and consequently in the size of the affected organ. Cells of the heart and kidneys are particularly prone to enlargement. |
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| Physiologic atrophy vs. Pathologic atrophy |
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Definition
| One form of atrophy that occurs w/early development - such as the thymus gland during childhood. The other form of atrophy occurs as a result of decreases in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation (think such as a broken arm in a cast, or a guy's testes) |
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| Increase in the number of cells, resulting from an increased rate of cellular division |
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| an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate (Example: w/removal of 70% of the liver, regeneration is complete in 2 weeks) |
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| occurs chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs such as uterus and breast. example: uterus enlarges if pregnant. |
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| abnormal proliferation of normal cells, usually in response to excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors on target cells (example - hyperplasia of the endometrium - caused by an imbalance between estrogen and progesterone secretion) |
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| Cells capable of hyperplasia |
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Definition
| Epidermis, intestinal epithelium, glandular tissue |
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| damaged or destroyed cells of one type are replaced by cells of another type (such as in the bronchial lining of smokers) |
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| abnormal changes in the size, shape and organization of mature cells |
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| Chemical agents, lack of sufficient oxygen (hypoxia), free radicals, infectious agents, physical and mechanical factors, immunological reactions, genetic factors, and nutritional imbalances |
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| Causes of cellular injury |
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| failure to transport oxygen to cells (most common cause of hypoxia) due to reduced blood supply |
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| These body parts require lots of oxygen, due to the high energy requirements (ATP) |
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| lack of sufficient oxygen - single most common cause of cellular injury |
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| an electronically uncharged atom or group of atoms that has an unpaired electron. makes the molecule unstable |
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| Leading cause of mental retardation and miscarriage |
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| An alteration in chromosome number - usually the result of nondisjunction |
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| Describes a new growth - or neoplasm. Not all tumors are cancer. |
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| Refers to a malignant tumor (not used to refer to benign growths such a lipomas or hypertrophy of an organ) |
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| Starts with knowing the tissue and organ of origin, the extent of distribution to other sites, and the microscopic and immunohistochemical appearance of the lesion. It also includes detailed description of critical genetic changes in the cancer. |
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| The surrounding capsule of connective tissue (surrounding cells) |
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| The loss of cellular differentiation (cells no longer look like what they should function as - for instance, heart cells look are differentiated to be cardio cells and look like what they should do) |
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| marked variability of size and shape of a cell |
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| Not malignant; early stage growth of cancer, localized to the epithelium but haven't penetrated the local basement membrane or invaded the surrounding stroma |
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| Analysis of each tumor; offers therapy based on a very detailed knowledge of each individual's characteristics and their specific cancer |
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| Specific biochemical markers of tumors have proven to be helpful. These are substances produced by both benign and malignant cells that are either present in or on tumor cells or found in blood, spinal fluid, or urine |
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| Clonal proliferation or Clonal expansion |
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Definition
| A mutant cell that has a selective advantage over its neighbors; its progeny can accumulate faster than its non mutant neighbors. (The mutant cell may have gained anchorage-independent growth, lack of contact inhibition and immortality) |
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| Genes that are responsible for the maintenance of genomic integrity - they encode proteins that are involved in repairing damaged DNA |
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