"courtly air"

secular in France, polyphonic or homophonic
played on voice and lute

overture with two movments

first slow with dotted rhythms, second fast

prologue

talked about politics and made king look good

5 acts 

type of overture that begins with a slow intro featuring dotted rhythms and moves to a fast imitative section

commonly used in french operas and opera seria of the 17th and 18th century 

serious opera

arisa and recit

exit convention

polot based in classical antiquity

rulers in good light

lots of virtuosity, espeically in da capo aria, ABA

castrati 

story based on mythology or royalty

more music thatn ballad opera

purcell wrote many 

means prayer hall

n arrator characters and plot

big chorus and orchestra

religous story

watered down opera 

hodge podge

not any others it's this

bach loved

means to sing

group of artists played them in public venues

not spiritual or sacred 

three notated parts, but more than three players allowed, instrumental, not hard, much virtuosity

de chiesa

somber, in church, 1st movement slow, others imitative

de camera

secular, series of suites 

grosso-2 parts, small group of soloists and ripierno, larger group

 solo-soloists with ripieno ensemble

ripieno-no soloists, no opposition 

subject (theme)

exposition (when all voices have stated subject)

free section (episodes and middles entries, which are points of imitation) 

piano piece based on preexisting vocal piece

used often in church, chorale preludes 

organized and very structured

3 sometimes 4 movements

fast, slow, fast

if a fourth appeared it was 3rd and a minuet

locked in opera overture 

no da capo aria or virtuosity

everyday becomes lead

bass becomes lead

simply melodies

ensemebles become very important

lots of periodic phrase structure 

no virtuosity or solo recitative

all about drama

overture plays into action

blurs lines between recit and arias

text based on greek mythology

some guy is important 

opera seria didn't die though, just less common 

Billings

catches-humourous

glee-based onf olk song

canon-religious or morality lesson 

series of polyphonic madrigals loosely connected through plot and characters . The genre enjoyed its heyday in the closing decades of the 16th century.

the slopes of mount parnassus

type of opera popular in egnland during the 18th ccentury

featuring contemporary songs, including but not limited to ballads, mixed with dialouge 

First, Dafne by Peri

Best, or atleast first realy, Orfeo by Monteverdi

Peri and Caccini argued over having done it first... 

many women were sent to convents because the dowry for a convent was much less than that for marrying a husband

many convents started up, and two thirds of them were writing polyphonic music. 

grand motet, vocal soloists, chorus, and orchestra

much virtuosity in them

practical, a la zadok the priest. 

courtly ballets, which had the monarch as the lead (someone portraying the monarch)

combined song, dance, and instrumental music

dominated in France for first 2/3 of 17th century 

mixture of spoken drama and dance

Lully was major (he was the smart guy who took over Opera in France)

violin (24 violinists of the King, keep your violinist, people just began keeping them)

winds, brass, and percussion

keyboard (Cristofori makes first pianoforte, called gravicembalo col piano e forte))

that which is sounded

instrumental equivalent of cantata 

extended series of dances

same key, switches between major and minor

two fast movements, than a slow, and at the end a lively dance in triple meter 

titles depend on geo location (partida in Germany)! 

presents a series of contrasting dances based on one basic thematic idea

in effect, a set of variations grouped as a dance suite 

tacked onto end of dance

connect is theme 

triadic hamony

used & "discovered" inversions 

3 types- imitative, non imitative, combination

imatitive, 3 types-ricercar, fugue, canon

non-imitative, 4 types-toccata, canzona, fantastia, prelude 

goldberg variations (JS Bach)

still binary

sarabande, allemande, and gavotte

chaconne, passacaglia, folia 

bass that wouldn't go away

used in variations 

picardy third

ended a piece on a major triad that is otherwise minor 

1750-1800

50 years

and that's all she wrote 

me started believing in knowledge, and using it to help the world

using reason, less mysticism 

means sensibility in cherman

describes a characteristic aesthetic associated wtih the new style

 music focused on detail, and avoided thick textures and grandiose gestures

genuine homophony, a subordinate voice or voices support a single prominent melodic line

focus moved to top line

obbligato accompaniment, secondary voices contribute material essential to a work's musical fabric 

becomes common in all musical genres

move away from paratactic, and more toward syntactic 

basso continuo gone, no figured bass

(except in secco recitative, then some bc happened) 

much slower

baroque, harmonies change beat to beat, classical, maybe twice a measure 

listeners could easily recongnize the signposts, and could orient themselves within a sonata form movement

predictability, or atleast organization 

Best orchestra of time, conducted by J. Stamitz

best players, beautiful playing, ingenuity abounded 

Orchestra of Generals 

no predictable framework

nothing 

sons of Bach

also great composers and conductors 

unit of music to be repeated in performance immediately after it has been first presented

sonata, string quartet, symphony, concerto 

all had 3-4 movements

in 4 mvm form 3rd was a minuet

minuet-ABA minuet proper trio minuet proper, boisterous and adds levity

fast slow fast 

based on a dance

lively, usually a finale

ABACADA

A, refrain

BCD, episodes or couplets 

a switch to the dominant key

cadence on the dominant 

usually minor, characterists similar to mannerism

large jumps, synocopations, dynamic contrast 

locked in opera oveture for years, but finally coming out

Battista Samartini wrote first independent symphony

Italian overture, fast slow fast

growing in size 

used by haydn

 there was a reprise of the exposition, but it was done with embellishments and subtle changes, so the entire thing was rewritten out

dies irae 

used in Haydn's Symph 103

first two measures sound like opening of dies irae from the plainchant mass for the dead

the down up feature from dies irae is also in the symp 103 

broader range of dynamics

more readily available 

trio sonatas still exist

2 violins, a viola, and a violoncello 

four movements standard

1760-strings, two oboes, maybe a flute or bassoons, and two horns near end of 1760

1780-trumpets and timpani

late1780-1790-clarinets 

between acts of opera seria

funny and popular

became opera buffa 

War of Buffoons

 Over whether to keep the tragedie lyrique or to change over to the Italian Opera Buffa

Italian won

French opera writte in Italian style

very very very popular

written by Rousseau 

another opera fight

 both foreginers

Gluck was more French style, Piccini was more Italian

Gluck won, yay Reform opera 

simpler, more chordal

kept basso continuo and strict counterpoint 

Song by Zelter

told story, very straightforward and undemanding

common Song 

began concept of German Lied

was strophic, syllabic, vocal and piano very undemanding, narrow vocal range 

literally small return, musical idea that returns at serveral points over the course of a work, usually after constrasting material

ritornello principle is when the composer constructs large scale forms are successive returns of an opening idea

big in concerto