Term
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Definition
identified edges, sharp or transitional, can be counted, measured, pinpointed, and shape can be described.
examples: farmhouse, buildings, roads, feilds, trees, and rivers |
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Term
types of features
Dispersed |
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Definition
fragmented discrete features with distinct or transitional edge definition
Example: Forests |
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Term
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Definition
homogenous environment with common traits but qualitative
differences= mosaic, steeped, smooth
Example: soil |
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Term
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Definition
-spatial representation of the environment.
-Image-> Reality
-object in reality-> image or symbol on map
-representation= likeness + Simplicity
-Mapping as transformation process->
1. Environmental perception
2. environmental visualization (representation) |
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Term
| What can we learn from a mental map |
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Definition
-maps are abstractions
-maps are incomplete
-maps contain error
-maps are communication and navigation tools
-maps must generalize and reduce information
-maps (must) include a common code and common features to communication the reduced environmental information
-mapping is a continuous learning process |
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Term
| what is the oldest map in the world, where was it found, what is it made of? |
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Definition
earliest map: cave wall painting 6200 B.C.,
where was it found:Catal Hyuk, Anatolia, Turkey
what is it: Town plan Beehive design,
Depiction of natural disaster: volcanism |
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Term
| list the five steps of the map abstraction process |
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Definition
-selection: map purpose- reference or theme?, thresholds- region and time, variables- thematic focus- narrow or broad, scale, perspective.
-classification:number of classes, discrete entities- quality, continuous entities- quantity, choosing intervals.
-simplification: feature elimination, smoothing, shape abstraction, aggregation, change of dimensionality, measurement level reduction.
-exaggeration: greek settlements of lago del lupo
-symbolization: |
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Term
| discuss the advantages/ disadvantage of globes as a projection |
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Definition
advantages
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*useful for navigation
*angles are preserved
disadvantages
*lack of detail for most purposes
*preservation of distance is impossible
*stretching and shrinking
*size significantly distorted |
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Term
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Definition
Geographic Information system
Geographic information science
-integration of various forms of geographic data
-hardware and software
-data layer model
-geocoding
-single-layer display and analysis
-interactive and multiple display of views
-storage, display, updating, analysis
INPUT: digitizer, typing, digital tape reader
DATA MANAGEMENT: PC, workstation network
OUTPUT: Digital data, printer, plotter
example drawn out vector raster . . .
customers, streets, parcels, elevation, land usage, real world |
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Term
| what are raster data bases |
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Definition
whole image data base
-can be manipulated as a whole
-individual features cannot be changed |
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Term
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Definition
Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles
-digital, uniform-scale image created from aerial photos.
-ground features are displayed in their true ground position
-relief displacements cause by the camera and terrian of an aerial photograph have been removed
-image characteristics of a photograph plus geometric qualities of a map
-direct measurements of distances, areas, angles, and positions. |
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Term
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Definition
selective image data base
-cannot be manipulated as a whole
-individual features can be changed
example:
-census data
-digital line graphs
-soil data
example 2: digital line graphs
-digital vector data representing cartographic information.
-DLG's contain a wide variety of information depicting geographic features.
-Lakes, vegetation, rivers, and roads
used population numbers in this with color
picture of vector structure on slides |
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Term
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Definition
Topographically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing Files
-include roads, addresses, hydrography, railroads, transportation routes and census district boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
Digital Elevation Models
example Lake Tahoe Raster Data . . .
digital cartographic/ geographic dataset of elevations in xyz coordinates.
treain elevations for group positions are sampled at regularly spaced horizontal intervals ->30-m gird.
hills or valleys smaller than the 30 m cells will not show up |
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Term
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Definition
| any geographic problem lies at the intersection of two to four maps, images, or photos |
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Term
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Definition
-everything is related to everything else
-near things are more related than others |
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Term
| what types of data are encoded in topological gecoding? list them |
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Definition
-encoding of geographic information
-layering
-breaks |
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Term
False Color Images
What can we recognize on these image maps? |
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Definition
-quality of certain environmental features
-functional/ qualitative details of features= seasonal features |
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Term
| what types of resolution are involved in the remote sensing process? |
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Definition
spatial: the size of the field-of-view, e.g. 10 by 10m
Spectral resolution:(the number and size of spectral regions the sensor records data in, e.g. blue, green, red, near-infrared thermal infrared, microwave (radar))
temporal resolution: (how often the sensor acquires data, e.g. every 30 days.
radiometric resolution: (reflectance values must be represented on an RGB screen) (understanding brightness values on satellite imagery) |
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Term
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Definition
in situ data collection
direct contact and measurement
transducers
thermometers
psychrometer
anemometer
spectroradiometer |
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Term
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Definition
Maps as narrative
reflection of social conditions
roman and medieval cartography
christian influence |
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Term
| provide a short definition of remote sensing |
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Definition
| "remote sensing is the acquiring of data about an object without touching it" |
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Term
| What are the three approaches that are used to examine the history of cartography |
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Definition
historical/evolutionary approach
-mapping as a historical progression of "better" ideas
aesthetic approach
-mapping as artistic expression of fact and myth
national approach
-mapping as an achievement/tragedy |
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