Term
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Definition
| syllogism is an argument with only 2 premises; goes from general to specific |
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Term
| Fallacy of incomplete evidence |
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Definition
| not considering all relevant evidence when creating reference class |
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Term
| Arguments from authority (conditions) |
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Definition
1) is the expert an expert? in that field?
2) do the experts generally agree? |
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Term
| Arguments from authority (form) |
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Definition
Most of what the experts say about X is correct.
The experts say that P concerning X.
P (is correct). |
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Term
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Definition
arguments against the peron-opposite of authority
hard to find |
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Term
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Definition
| appeal to consensus-makes the average person an authority |
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Term
| Argument from analogy (form) |
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Definition
Objects of type X have F, G, & H.
Objects of type Y have F, G, H, & I.
Objects of type X have I. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strength of argument comes from quality of similarities and lack of dissimilarities. Similarities must be relevant. |
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Term
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Definition
n% of Gs are Hs
n% (more or less) of Gs are Hs
goes from specific to general |
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Term
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Definition
| an argument that once started, you can't stop it |
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Term
| Inductive generalization (conditions) |
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Definition
| sample is representative of population, margin of error size (small is good) |
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Term
| Inductive generalization sampling ways |
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Definition
| stratified sample (matching), random |
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Term
| Fallacy of a hasty generalization |
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Definition
| sample is so small you couldn't hope for it to match the population (in inductive generalizations) |
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Term
| Fallacy of biased statistics |
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Definition
| good reason to believe sample doesn't match, no matter the size (in inductive generalizations) |
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Term
| Fallacy of misleading vividness |
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Definition
| new evidence gets more weight than previous statistics already known (in inductive generalizations) |
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Term
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Definition
| Method of agreement, method of difference, joint method of agreement and difference, method of concomitant variation, method of residues |
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Term
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Definition
| common antecedent circumstance is probably cause of event |
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Term
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Definition
| different antecedent circumstance is probably cause of event |
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Term
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Definition
| method of difference applied to groups-use method of agreement to get groups- use method of difference to show cause |
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Term
| Method of concomitant variation |
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Definition
| if the cause increases or decreases what is effect on effect? |
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Term
| Groups for controlled experiment |
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Definition
| control group and experimental group |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals don't know what group they're in in controlled experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| neither individual nor experimenter know which group individual is in in controlled experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| people choose to expose themselves to factor-forward looking study- looks at effects |
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Term
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Definition
| people already have effect-backward looking-looks at causes |
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Term
| Definition of cause according to Hume |
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Definition
A causes B if and only if:
A & B are joint in time and space
B follows A
whenever A occurs, B occurs (constant conjunction-alwys occur together) |
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Term
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Definition
| had A not happened, then B wouldn't have |
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Term
| Necessary causal condition |
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Definition
| required for effect, couldn't have happened otherwise |
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Term
| Causally sufficient condition |
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Definition
| enough for effect to occur, nothing else is required |
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Term
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Definition
nearness of cause
proximate- cause that's closest to the event
distal- causes farther away from the event |
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Term
| Individually necessary and jointly sufficient |
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Definition
A is necessary and sufficient for B
if A doesn't happen, B can't and A is enough for B to happen
A is often many things |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of a cause makes the occurrence of the condition under investigation more probable than it would be in the absence of the antecedent condition |
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Term
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Definition
after, therefore because of
conclude A causes B without ccausal connection-coincidence |
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Term
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Definition
| think A causes B when in fact ehre is some C that is causing both |
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Term
| Confusing cause and effect |
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Definition
| thinking B causes A when really A causes B |
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Term
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Definition
| belief is rational if you have good reason to believe it-difference between reason and cause for believing something |
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Term
| Mistaking harm/benefit for reason |
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Definition
| consequences of something being true is not good reason to believe it-when we want to believe something, we require less evidence for it |
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