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Definition
| language is a modular system; people produce and interpret language using a set of component sub systems in a coordinated way |
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Definition
| you can substitute units for more complex units (e.g. she -> the woman) |
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| constituency allows recursion, where you can continually add on to sentences |
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Definition
| the range of sounds we can produce is continuous, but language breaks them into segments |
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| language can combine existing morphemes into new words, or create new ones altogether |
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| words are linked to meaning arbitrarily, even with onomatopia words |
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Definition
| since words are arbitrary, we rely on context to derive meaning; that is, we rely on form (what is said) and context (when, by whom, etc.) to communicate more than is contained in a sequence of words |
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Definition
| language varies depending on who is speaking it and who you’re speaking to |
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| knowledge of what speech sounds are part of a given language and how they may (not) be strung together |
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| knowledge of what is (not) a culturally appropriate way to carry out a communicative task |
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| two distinct words that differ only in a single sound in the same position (e.g. pat and bat) |
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| a contrastive sound in language (does not carry meaning) |
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Definition
| a speech sound considered without reference to its status as a phoneme |
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| a contextually determined variant pronunciation of a phoneme (e.g. aspirated k in kit and unaspirated k in skit) |
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Definition
| study of how the vocal tract produces speech sounds |
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Definition
| study of the physical characteristics of sound waves |
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| International Phonetic Alphabet, based on one-to-one correspondence between sound and symbols |
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| the area of the vocal tract at which a constriction is made |
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Definition
| the type of constriction that is made for a speech sound (e.g. stop, fricative, affricate, approximant, vowel) |
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| speech sound made by air resonance rather than obstruction of airflow (e.g. vowels, glides, nasals, and some liquids) |
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Definition
| speech sound made by obstruction of airflow in the vocal tract (e.g. oral stops, fricatives, and affricates) |
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Definition
| making certain syllables longer, louder, higher pitched, clearer, etc. |
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| aspects of speech that influence stretches of sound longer than a single segment (e.g. length, tone, intonation, syllable structure, and stress) |
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| articulating by closing the vocal tract, stopping air from flowing |
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Definition
| articulators are brought close together but not closed completely, so stream of air between becomes turbulent and noisy (e.g. f and th) |
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Definition
| sound comprised of stop plus fricative (e.g. ch and j) |
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Definition
| articulators narrow the vocal tract, but not as much as a fricative (e.g. w,r) |
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Definition
| sound made with a constriction of the tongue body and blade against the hard palate (e.g. y) |
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Definition
| sound made with a constriction of the tong body against the velum (soft palate) (e.g. k, g) |
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Definition
| produced with an open velum, a nasal airflow (e.g. n, m, ng) |
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Definition
| sound requiring complete or partial closure of lips (e.g. p, b, f) |
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Definition
| sound made by bringing tongue tip or blade into contact with upper teeth (eg. th) |
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Definition
| sound made by bringing the lower lip into contact with upper teeth (e.g. f) |
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| sound made with constriction of tong tip or blade against the alveolar ridge (bony rise just behind teeth) (e.g. n, t) |
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| sound made with a constriction of the tongue blade against the roof of the mouth just behind the alveolar ridge (e.g. sh) |
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Definition
| sound made by closing the vocal folds stopping the airflow at the larynx |
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Definition
| branch of linguistics concerning internal word structure |
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Definition
| formation of a shorter word by removing an affix from a longer word |
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| word formed from the initial letters of other words (e.g. radar) |
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| combining words together to make new ones |
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Definition
| a vowel change in a root that signals a grammatical contrast (e.g. speak/spoke) |
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Definition
| the smallest meaningful unit of language, these make up words |
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Definition
| a variant pronunciation of a morpheme that appears in a particular conditioning environment (e.g. inescapable, impossible, incapable) |
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Definition
| contrasts basic quantities (singular/plural/dual) |
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Definition
| distinguishes two or more classes of nouns by sex |
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Definition
| indicates temporal property of an action or state (e.g. –ing) |
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| situates an event or state in relation to a point in time |
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| distinguishes entities in relation to their role as speaker |
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| expresses speaker’s belief, etc. About the content of an utterance, such as whether a proposition is likely or doubtful (e.g. imperative, subjunctive) |
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Definition
| forming a new word by modifying an existing one (e.g. humid = humidify) |
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Term
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Definition
| shifting a word from one lexical category to another without altering the form of the word in any way (e.g. cook (v) -> cook (n)) |
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Term
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Definition
| modifying the form of a lexeme to signal grammatical contrast |
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Definition
| the combining of two or more words to form a new word (e.g. toe, nail, toenail) |
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Definition
| the partial or total substitution of one lexical stem for antoher to indicate grammatical contrast (e.g. go/went (total), bring/brought (partial)) |
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Definition
| a bound morpheme that attaches to a base to alter it in some way |
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Definition
| the first noun or phrase under the S node in a sentence |
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Definition
| recipient of an action (e.g. the dog in Jimmy fed the dog) |
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| the verb phrase of a sentence |
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| a key word from which a phrase of the same category is projected |
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| words having same pronunciation but different meanings (e.g. new, knew) |
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Definition
| language use above the sentence (text) and beyond the sentence (context) |
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Definition
| the linguistic or social environment in which a word, phrase, or sentence is produced |
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Definition
| the field of linguistics that studies meaning in particular contexts of use |
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Definition
| the field of linguistics that studies literal meaning; the study of those aspects of meaning whcih are determined within the linguistic system |
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Definition
| the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences |
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Definition
| speakers meaning which comes about when people make contextual assumptions about one another |
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| a proposition which a speaker must take for granted if what he says is to be appropriate in the context of use |
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Definition
| action performed using language (e.g. greeting, request, warning) |
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Definition
| vowel-like sounds of very young infants which are generally interpreted as signs of pleasure and playfulness (2nd-5th month) |
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Definition
| prelinguistic vocal behavior produced by infants, simple syllables and sequences (4th month - 1 year) |
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Definition
| one-word utterances to carry meaning of what an adult would express in a longer sentence (1 year) |
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Definition
| speech in which function words are absent, common in early stages of child language development (2.5 years) |
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Definition
| kids messing up, like calling all four-legged creatures dogs |
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Definition
| kids messing up, like using dog to refer to the family dog but to no other canines |
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Term
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Definition
| misapplying a rule to an exceptional case (e.g. goed instead of went) |
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Term
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Definition
| (Skinner) – language is learned through imitation, reinforcement, and punishment, no innate mechanisms involved in language acquisition |
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Term
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Definition
| (Chomsky) – language is the result of an innate capacity (language acquisition device) in the brain. Arguments based on rapid, uniform acquisition across cultures and the poverty-of-stimulus – input alone is inadequate to support language learning |
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Term
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Definition
| general learning mechanisms, such as sensitivity to distributional patterns in input, are sufficient for language acquisition, esp. syntax. Argue that the brain’s ability to detect regularities without innate knowledge is enough to form rules, even irregular ones |
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Definition
| stresses the importance of child-caregiver interactions, do not deny existence of LAD, but emphasize the daily reinforcement children receive as a way to master complex language forms, specifically disagree with poverty-of-stimulus argument |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that children are born with natural grammar that guides their language acquisition |
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Term
| language acquisition device |
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Definition
| the proposed innate area of the brain that is dedicated to language, making language acquisition possible |
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Definition
| the argument that the ability of speakers to demonstrate in conforming to the restrictions of natural grammar exceeds what could be learned from experience, supporting existence of UG |
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| conscious awareness of the characteristics of language itself and how it works |
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Term
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Definition
| the loss of expressive and/or receptive language abilities following brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
| classical brain language area |
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Term
| functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) |
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Definition
| form of medical imaging to look at activity in the brain |
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Definition
| a phonetical alternation in which two sounds that are different become more alike |
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Definition
| the opposite of assimilation |
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Term
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Definition
| words in two or more sister languages which are descended from a common word in a parent language |
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Definition
| method employed in the reconstruction of a protolanguage from a comparison and analysis of cognates |
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Term
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Definition
| the removal of an element in a grammatical structure |
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Definition
| a sound change in which the long vowels of middle English unconditionally but systematically raised in early English |
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Definition
| systematic description of PIE consonants into Germanic |
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Definition
| a group of languages evolved from a common source |
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Definition
| languages derived from a single language |
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| a (reconstructed) parent language from which related languages are derived |
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Definition
| the adoption of elements from one language or dialect into another |
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| lexical items borrowed from another language |
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| when the structural analysis of an older form is replaced by an analysis that makes more sense to a speaker |
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| superstratum/substratum languages |
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Definition
| in a multilingual community, a culturally or politically dominant language is a superstratum language, while those of lesser status are the substratum languages |
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Definition
| the formation of a shorter word by removing an affix from a longer word |
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Definition
| the study of language in its social setting |
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| a pidgin which over time becomes grammatically more complex and becomes the mother language of a speech |
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Definition
| a rudimentary contact or trade language which has a basic vocabulary and grammar |
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Definition
| a set of lexical items associated with a particular sphere of activity, such as a profession or hobby (e.g. computers) |
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Definition
| lexical items that carry non-neutral connotations and are typically considered to be short-lived |
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Definition
| one of several distinguishable varieties, generally (but not always) mutually intelligible, of a language |
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Definition
| variation in pronunciations |
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| morphosyntactic variations |
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Definition
| variations in how words are put together into sentences (e.g. gotten vs got) |
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Definition
| variation in conventions for language use (e.g. expected pauses) |
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Definition
| the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region |
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| the paralinguistic and prosodic feature that signal how the words spoken are to be interpreted |
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Definition
| term used to express the inseparability of language and culture |
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Definition
| a super ordinate message that communicates how utterances are meant and what speakers think they are doing when they speak in a given context |
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Term
| complementary schismogenesis |
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Definition
| the process by which each speaker’s linguistic behavior drives the other to increasingly exaggerated forms of an opposing behavior, in an ever-widening spiral (annoying each other more and more) |
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Definition
| what we think is strongly affected by the language we speak |
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Definition
| when, in conversation, the second speaker talks over the first, not to interrupt, but to signal enthusiastic listenership |
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Definition
| speakers in a given culture expect conversation to flow in a certain sequence |
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| exuberances and deficiencies |
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Definition
| meanings that are necessarily added or lost in translation because the second language has no lexical or grammatical counterpart to the first (def.) or requires grammatical elements that do not exist in the first (exu.) |
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Definition
| termed by Lakoff, principles underlying speaker’s choice of ways to express meaning while honoring others’ interactional needs |
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Definition
| weaker form of S/W Hyothesis, language is believed to influence how individuals think about what they talk about |
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Definition
| a particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific social group or region |
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| a situation in which two languages or varieties are used under different conditions in a community often by the same speakers (e.g. speaking to your uppers, colloquial vs formal, etc.) |
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Definition
| deliberate specification of acceptable forms of language; defining the „correct“ forms of a language |
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| attempting to impose rules of correct usage on the users of a language, being a bitch |
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| an awareness of membership in a particular social/linguistic group |
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