1166

"leges henrici"=laws of Henry

assizes=first jury cases under the laws of Henry

Edward 1st

set up the night watch which all elligible males had to serve.

"hue and cry"-people had to keep weapons and if the guards started screaming then the people had to come out and help enforce the law.

created Londons first police dept.

called "bobbies" in his honor

the night was in the colonies.

guards would care a rattle and shake it if an intruder was coming in so that they would know that their was a guard on duty and it would also let the people know that the night watch was on duty to make them feel more secure.

Political Era-Ward Bosses hired the police. part of political machine.

Reform Era-emphasis on solving crimes, removed law enforcement from politics.

Community Era-got rid of the "us vs. them" mentallity. Focused on helping the community.

Centralized-assists local law enforcement if they ask for it, and patrols highways.

Decentralized-draws clear distinction between traffic enforcement on state highways and other state level law enforcement functions.

1. Enforce the Law

2. Apprehend Offenders

3. Prevent Crime

4. Preserve the Peace

5. Providing Services

Line-officers that are on the street taking calls.

Staff-support, trainers, office people and stuff, evidence custodians.

Watchmen style-watch to maintain order. Associated with Political Era

Legalistic Style- focuses on enforcing the laws. Associated with the Reform Era.

Service Era-law enforcement is there to help. Associated with Community Era.

unreasonale searches and seizures.

must have a warrant

cant arrest without probably cause

protects

self incrimination

trial by jury

right to know the charges

right to cross examine witnesses

right to a lawyer

right to compel witnesses on ones behalf

right a fair and speedy trial

you are not held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime unless on the presentment and indictment by a Grand Jury

8th Amendment

no excessive bail

cruel or unusual punishment

DUE PROCESS!!!!!-there is a set procedure for how things get done.

Incorporation-the laws apply to the states as well as federal govt.

you must get the warrant from a nuetral magistrate

must have probable cause

must state clearly what is being searched for and where is being searched.

Weeks v. U.S. (only applied to Federal Govt)

Mapp v. Ohio (applied to states)

Fruit of the poison tree doctrine

good faith exception to exclusionary rule.

good faith exception-if evidence is obtained by faulty warrant and the officers didnt know that the warrant was faulty then the evidence can be used.

clear danger to life

clear danger to escape

destruction of evidence

Right to stop and frisk.

Must have reasonable suspicion to stop and frisk

if you stop a vehicle and arrest the driver you can search the vehicle only for that specific crime.

cant search vehicle for cocaine if you pull someone over for speeding unless you have a warrant for the cocaine.

in a custodial situation all questions must be mirandized. waiver to miranda rights must be knowing and intelligent.

you have the right to remain silent. anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. you have the right to an attorney and if you cannot afford one, one will be appointed to you.

you do not have to mirandize someone in an emergency situation.

Internal review-internal affairs officers investigate complaints from citizens and colleagues about specific officers or situations.

Civil Review-citizens investigate (same as above)

Mediation-nuetral party (same as above)

1. Conservative

2.Authoritarian

3.Cynical

4.Suspicious

5.Hostile

6. Individualistic

Officers live in isolation and solidarity.

They focus on the way things get done not on policies and procedures.

very minimal.

Grass Eaters-accepts bribes but does not initiate.

Meat Eaters-initiate bribes.

These terms came out of the Knapp Comission.

Mollen Comission-the investigation of criminal cops.

1. Gratuities

2. Playing favorites

3. Minor bribes

4. Being above inconvenient laws

5. Violent crimes

338 officers were feloniously killed.

Does not include 72 deaths from 9/11 or traffic deaths.

1. External-dangers that exist in job.

2. Organizational-paper work and training

3. Personal-relationships

4. Operational-total effect on officers from 24/7 duty.

1. Shift Work and Overtime

2. Concern over officers inability to express feelings at home

3. Fear of being killed in duty

4. Presence of guns in the house

5. Officers 24 hour role

6. Negative effects on children

1. Authority

2. Body Positioning

3. Restraints

4. Less than lethal weapons (stun guns)

5. Deadly force

a criminal will force a cop one way or another to shoot him.

some indicators are if the conversation has gone on too long and the criminal will not follow thru with threats.

if the criminal is moving toward you that is another indicator.