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| the manipulation of internally represented information to solve problems, make decisions, draw inferences ect. |
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| Sulan stacks boxes to get to basket of fruit. |
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| whenever there is a gap between where you are now and where you want to be. |
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| Advantage and Disadvantage of Innate Problem Solving |
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Advantage: quick Disadvantage: inflexible |
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| using internal representations to solve problems |
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| Five Actions involved in Problem Solving |
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a. Finding the Problem – recognizing that there is a problem to be solved
b. Representing the Problem – understanding the nature of the gap to be crossed
c. Searching for a Solution – choosing a method for crossing the gap
d. Carrying Out the Plan
e. Evaluating the Solution
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the means by which one gets from the initial state of a problem to the goal.
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| 4 Things Reprsentation of a Problem must have |
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inital situation goal operators restrictions |
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| T/F - internal representations are copies of the problem |
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| knowledge of how the world works |
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| functional fixity and example |
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failure to percieve that an object that is known to have one use may be used for an entirely different purpose ex. candles in box, box holds candels, but could also be used to make a candle holder |
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| recognizing how to solve a problem |
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| Experts will use more ________ problem schemas, while novices will use more _______ schema |
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| the same problem represented in a different way (will have the exact same problem schema) |
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| all of the legal moves a person can make going from inital to goal state |
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| new choices multipy the size of the problem space |
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| 3 types of non planning methods |
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random search keeping track hill climbing |
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| trial and error - solver has no idea which choice is better |
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| same as random search except you keep track of where you have been so there is no back tracking |
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| take steps which only help you go "up" in the problem - saves alot of time |
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economy - cheaper than real life flexibility - can reresent a problem multiple ways reversibility - can undo what was in your head |
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| the process of thinking before you act |
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| break problems into parts and solve each part |
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systematic use of fractionation, is recursive, ex. - pittsburgh to boston always move towards end goal - no detours |
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first in, last out, the more we have the harder it is to remember them |
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drop some contraints to produce a more generalized problem then go back and solve the actual problem most important first strategy hardest first strategy |
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| build a cheaper inexpensive model to solve the problem first |
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learning from simpler problems |
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| learn from simpler problems then try and solve the harder problem |
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if you are very familiar with something, you can remember layouts quicker b.c you chunk information ex. chess |
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can better recognize "turning points" because you have prior knowledge ex. chess |
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| being ready to percieve something in a problem |
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set inducing problems set measuring problems set breaking problem |
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problems that procduce a pattern did the person continue with the set or change it up problem doesn't follow previous pattern |
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| once you become an expert it is hard to explain things to people who dont know as much |
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| letters, numbers, or other symbols substitute for the standard alphabet |
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| coding alphabet gets shifted |
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mono-alphabet cipher how do you break this code? |
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a random sequence of letters acts as the code break code with frequency analysis |
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| several symbols can represent the same letter |
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code word tells you which alphabet to use, multiple alphabets create a code. |
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| 3 basic properties of natural communication systems |
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a. Must have signals in one or more of the sensory modes: light, sound, smell, touch, or taste
b. Must involve signal senders and receivers
c. Signals must influence behavior of receivers in some functional way
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| 6 ways communication can differ from species to species |
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1. interchangeable roles 2. referential messages 3. unlimited messages 4. purposeful production 5. symbolic signals 6. grammatical structure |
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