Term
| What is another word for specific immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another word for innate immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cells are responsible for adaptive immunity? |
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Definition
B and T cells
They recognize antigens via specific receptors through different mechanisms |
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Term
| (t/f) B cells mature in the peripheral tissues |
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Definition
False.
B cells mature in bone marrow
T cells mature in the thymus
Monocytes/granulocytes mature in peripheral tissues |
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Term
| What type of immunity are monocytes/granulocytes responsible for? |
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Definition
| nonspecific/innnate immunity |
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Term
| What are cells called that have similar receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| t/f Conservative receptors require activation |
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Definition
FALSE
They do not require activation - attack immediately!
These are cells of innate immunity and conserve bacterial products (LPS, lipotechoic acid, glycans, mannans, bacterial DNA) |
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Term
| What happens when monocytes are stimulated? |
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Definition
Cytokines (IL-1 and TNF- alpha) are secreted rapidly
Co-stimulator moleules are secreted too
This leads to inflammation and activation of lymphocytes (amplify adaptive immunity) |
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Term
| t/f Dendritic cells are important for lymphocyte activation |
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Definition
True.
Dendritic cells capture the antigen, and detach from their initial site, travel through the lymph vessels to the lymph nodes. By the time they enter nodes they have matured and can present antigen to t-lymphocytes - activating them |
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Term
| ______ _______ is a complex, disseminated organ concentrated in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues that are interconnected by the blood and lymphatic vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
T helper 1
T helper 2
Cytoxic T cells |
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Term
| What is another name for adult stem cells? |
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Definition
Bone marrow stem cells
- because they function through the adult life |
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Term
| Two major groups of immunocytes are... |
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Definition
Lymphocytes (B and T cells)
Monocytes/granulocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the antigen that makes it recognizable to the immune sytem; the portion that fits into the receptor |
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Term
| What is an antigenic determinant |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Both an antigen and an immunogen are recognized by the immune system, but only an immunogen stimulates an immune response. |
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Definition
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Term
| Macrophage differentiation can lead to: |
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Definition
microglia in the brain
kupffer cells in the liver
alveolar macrophages in the lung
osteoclasts
dendritic cells in the skin |
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Term
| What do undifferentiated macrophages lead to? |
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Definition
| activation, which leads to phagocytotic activity |
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Term
| List the characteristics of Innate Immunity that don't apply to Adaptive Immunity |
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Definition
1. Specificity inherited in the genome
2. Expressed by all cells of a particular type (macrophages)
3. Triggers immediate response
4. Recognizes broad classes of pathogen
5. Interacts with a range of molecular structures of a given type |
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Term
| What are characteristics unique to Adaptive Immunity? |
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Definition
1. Encoded in multiple gene segments
2. Requires gene rearrangement
3. Clonal distribution
4. Able to discriminate between even closely related molecular structures |
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Term
| Where is the immune response initiated? |
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Definition
| in organized lymphatic structures (lymph nodes, payer' patches) and spleen |
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Term
| t/f lymph nodes are static tissues |
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Definition
| False. they are NOT static |
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Term
| What method shows us that lymphocytes are in constant movement? |
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Definition
intravital microscopy
- this movement may facilitate cells interaction after antigen stimulation |
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Term
| What are the selected phenotype markers for: Helper T cells, Cytolytic T cells, B cells, and NK cells? |
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Definition
CD3 present in ALL T cells
Helper T also has CD4
Cytolytic T also has CD8
B: Fc receptors, MHC II, CD19, CD21
NK cells: FC receptor for IgG (CD16) |
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Term
| What does fluorescent staining for CD19 do? |
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Definition
| allows us to find out the number of B lymphocytes present |
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Term
| When staining a cell - what color are T cells stained and what color are B cells stained? |
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Definition
T cells stained red for CD3
B cells stained green for CD19 |
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Term
| When the resting cells are stimulated what steps then occur? |
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Definition
genetic re-programming by expressing silent genes
Transformation
Proliferation
Differentiation into distinct effector cells (T or B) |
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Term
| What is needed to achieve full activation? |
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Definition
| presence of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules |
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Term
| Name the 3 soluble secreted proteins that bind to specific receptors on other cells and provide signals |
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Definition
| Cytokines, lymphokines, Interleukins (IL) |
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Term
| What is the specific name for cytokines secreted by lymphocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors that act between leukocytes are called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Soluble factors that drive a directional migration of cells are: |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Cytokine receptors can be expressed on the resting cells or after activation |
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Definition
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Term
| What are co-stimulatory molecules? |
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Definition
| Expressed as pairs of complementary receptor-ligand molecules on the surface of the interacting cells. Engagement of these molefules by the cells contact sends regulatory signals to the respective cells (activation or inhibition signals) |
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Term
| Difference of expression of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules? |
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Definition
cytokines are secreted
co-stimulatory molecules are expressed on the surface |
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Term
| Cytokines and Co-stimulatory molecules have become important target for what medical treatments? |
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Definition
Immunotherapy for arthritis
Immunostimulation for cancer therapy |
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Term
| How do B lymphocytes recognize antigens? |
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Definition
Via surface immnuoglobin (Ig) molecules
Upon activation, B cells differentiate into plasmacytes that secrete soluble antibody (serum Ig) specific to what was recognized
A fraction of activated B cells differentiate into memory cells. |
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Term
| T/F you only need innate immunity for survival |
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Definition
| False. Both adaptive and innate immunity are essential for survival |
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Term
| Describe Helper T cells antigen recognition process |
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Definition
Recognition of a linear epitope which is presented on a MHCII
Recognition causes cytokine secretion leading to activation of macropahge and inflammation
Recognition also helps B and T calls proliferate and mature to attack recognized target
Th1 works with macrophage maturation
Th2 works with B cells maturation |
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Term
| What do CD4 T cells differentiate into to when activated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are CD8 T cells differentiated into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process for antigen recognition with Cytotoxic T cells? |
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Definition
Recognize presented epitope on a MHCI of an infected
Results in death of the effected cell |
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Term
| T/f A fraction of T lymphocytes differentiate into memory cells |
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Definition
| True, a fraction of both B and T cells become memory cells |
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Term
| Do either innate or adaptive immune mechanisms function soley by themselves? |
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Definition
| Both require the other to function properly |
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Term
| List differentiation effector cells and what they do |
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Definition
Th1 - activates phagocytes, CD8 T cells, B cells
Th2 - stimulation of neutralizing antibody, IgE and eosinophils
Th17- inflammation
Treg- regulation/inhibition of other cells |
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Term
| Antibody repsonses of B cells of most pathogens are dependent on what? |
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Definition
| Help from T cells which is mediated by cognate receptor-ligand interactions and by cytokines |
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Term
| How does the adaptive immunity learn to tolerate self? |
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Definition
Lymphocytes generate millions of receptors and some recognize the body's own molecules - Autoreactive cells
Autoreactive cells are deleted or inactivated by immunological tolerance - Central Tolerance
If a mature lymphocyte recognizes self in the peripheral tissue the cells can be deleted or inactivated by Peripheral Tolerance mechanisms |
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Term
| What are peripheral tolerance mechanisms? |
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Definition
Persistant Stimulation with self-antigen
Presentation of self without co-stimulation from innate cells
Inhibition of effector cells by regulatory cells |
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