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| studies the relationship between behavior and bodily processes and systems |
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| study of the nervous system, especially the brain. |
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| highly specialized cells that communicates information in electrical and chemical form; a nerve cell. |
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| support cells that assist neurons by providing structural support, nutrition, and removal of cell wastes; manufacture myelin. |
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| type of neuron that conveys information to the brain from specialized receptor cells in sense organs and internal organs. |
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| type of neuron that signals muscles to relax or contract. |
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| type of neuron that communicates information from one neuron to the next. |
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| also called the soma; processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron to function; contains the cell's nucleus. |
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| multiple short fibers that extend from the neuron's cell body and receive information from other neurons or from sensory receptor cells. |
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| the long, fluid-filled tube that carries a neuron's messages to other body areas. |
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| a white, fatty covering wrapped around the axons of some neurons that increases their communication speed. |
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| a brief electrical impulse by which information is transmitted along the axon of a neuron. |
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| the minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron. |
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| state in which a neuron is prepared to activate and communicate its message if it receives sufficient stimulation. |
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| the principle that either a neuron is sufficiently stimulated and an action potential occurs or a neuron is not sufficiently stimulated and an action potential does occur. |
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| the point of communication between two neurons. |
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| branches at the end of the axon that contain tiny pouches, or sacs, called synaptic vesicles (tiny pouches or sacs in the axon terminals that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters (chemical messengers manufactured by a neuron.) |
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| the process through which neurotransmitters are released by one neuron, cross the synpatic gap, and affect adjoining neurons. |
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| the process by which neurotransmitter molecules detach from a postsynaptic neuron and are reabsorbed by a presynaptic neuron so they can be recycled and used again. |
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| neurotransmitter that causes muscle contraction and is involved in memory function. |
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| neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of bodily movement, thought processes and rewarding sensations. |
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| neurotransmitter involved in sleep and emotions. |
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| neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory; also a hormone manufactured by adrenal glands. |
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| GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
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| neurotransmitter that usually communicates an inhibitory message. |
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| neurotransmitter that regulate pain perceptions. |
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| composed of neurons & glial cells. the primary internal communication network of the body; divided into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. |
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| bundles of neuron axons that carry information in the peripheral nervous system. |
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| central nervous system (CNS) |
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| division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. |
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| simple, automatic behaviors that are processed in the spinal cord. |
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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| division of the nervous system that includes all the nerves lying outside the central nervous system. |
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| subdivision of the PNS that communicates sensory information to the CNS and carries motor messages from the CNS to the muscles. |
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| subdivison of the PNS that regulates involuntary functions. |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| branch of the autonomic nervous system that produces rapid physical arousal in response to perceived emergies or threats. |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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| branch of the autonomic nervous system that maintains normal bodily functions and conserves the body's physical resources. |
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| system of glands located throughout the body that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. |
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| chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream primarily by endocrine glands. |
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| endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain that secretes hormones that affect the function of other glands as well as hormones that act directly on physical processes. |
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| pair of endocrine glands that are involved in the human stress response. |
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| the notion that different functions are located or localized in different areas of the brain; also referred to as localization of function. |
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| an instrument that produces a graphic record of the brain's electrical activity by using electrodes placed on the scalp. |
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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| a noninvasive imaging technique that produces highly detailed images of the brain using electromagnetic signals generated by the brain in response to magnetic fields. |
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| positron emission tomography (PET scan) |
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| an invasive imaging technique that provides color-coded images of brain activity by tracking the brain's use of a radioactively tagged compound, such as glucose, oxygen, or a drug. |
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| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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| a noninvasive imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to map brain activity by measuring changes in the brain's blood flow and oxygen levels. |
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| the development of new neurons. |
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| a region of the brain made up of the hindbrain and the midbrain. |
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| a region at the base of the brain that contains several structures that regulate basic life functions. |
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| a hindbrain structure that controls vital life functions such as breathing and circulation. |
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| a hindbrain structure that connects the medulla to the two sides of the cerebellum; helps coordinate and integrate movements on each side of the body. |
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| a large, two-sided hindbrain structure at the back of the brain; responsible for muscle coordination and maintaining posture and equilibrium. |
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| a network of nerve fibers located in the center of the medulla that helps regulate attention, arousal and sleep; also called the reticular activating system. |
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the middle and smallest brain region, involved in processing auditory and visual sensory information.
substantia nigra: an area of the midbrain that is involved in motor control and contains a large concentration of dopamine-producing neurons. |
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the largest and most complex brain region, which contains centers for complex behaviors and mental processes. also called the cerebrum.
cerebral cortex: the wrinkled outer portion of the forebrain, which contains the most sophisticated brain centers.
cerebral hemispheres, corpus callosum
each hemisphere has 4 lobes: temporal (primary receiving area for auditory information), occipital(primary receiving area for visual information), parietal (processes somatic sensations) and frontal (processes voluntary muscle movements, and is involved in thinking, planning & emotional control) |
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a group of forebrain structures that form a border around the brainstem and are involved in emotion, motivation, learning and memory.
- hippocampus (involved in learning and forming new memories)
- thalamus (processes sensory information for all senses, except smell, and relays it to the cerebral cortex)
- hypothalamus (regulates behaviors related to survival, such as eating, drinking, and sexual activity.)
- amgydala (involved in emotion and memory.) |
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| the notion that different functions are located or localized in different areas of the brain. |
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| lateralization of function |
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| the notion that specific psychological or cognitive functions are processed primarily on one side of the brain. |
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| the partial or complete inability to articulate ideas or understand spoken or written language because of brain injury or damage. |
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| a surgical procedure that involves cutting the corpus callosum. |
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| a phenomenon in which brain functions are shifted from damaged to undamaged brain areas. |
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