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Definition
| leading consequentialist theory that holds that right actions are those that result in the most beneficial balance of good over bad consequences for everyone involved. This is in direct contrast to Deontological theories which say tat the rightness of actions is determined not solely by their consequences but partly or entirely by their intrinsic nature |
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| Utilitarian view on Actions |
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Definition
| idea that the rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions |
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| Utilitarian view on Rules |
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| a right action is one that conforms to a rule that, if followed, consistently, would create for everyone involved the most beneficial balance of good over bad |
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| Ultimate goal for Utilitarianism |
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| Utilitarians seek to maximize pleasure over pain for the greatest number of people over the long run |
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| proposed the idea of Utilitarian Calculus |
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| a theory that did a cost-benefit analysis of actions and focused on maximizing pleasure. Quantity> Quality |
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| developed Bentham’s theory by attaching quality to quantity. |
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| greatest-happiness principle |
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Definition
| It holds that one must always act so as to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, within reason. Mill's major contribution to utilitarianism is his argument for the qualitative separation of pleasures. |
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| Individuals have freedom unless the harm someone else. Pain is worse than pleasure is good. Doesn’t cover harm to self—utilitarians attach no moral consequences to self |
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| Never place self-interests above the greater needs of other. This principle of being a good Samaritan does not apply to all situations, however, as doing so would make Utilitarianism impractical |
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| Kant’s deontological theory |
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| holds that right actions do not depend in the least on consequences, but the core of morality lies in following a rational and universally applicable moral rule out of a sense of duty |
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| A command that has universal applicability without regard for particular needs or purposes. “Act on the maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.” |
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| Moral laws must possess two essential characteristics: universality and impartiality |
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| Aristotelian Virtue Ethics |
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| Virtue ethics focuses on the development of a virtuous character; character is the key to moral life, for it is from a virtuous character that moral conduct and values naturally arise |
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| For Aristotle, the highest goal of humanity is “human flourishing.” He believes that good things happen to good people, and that character is not static, but has the power to evolve |
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| Doctrine of the Golden Mean |
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Definition
| Between the extremities of the vices of excess and those of deficiency lies the golden mean of virtue. Aristotle states that happiness follows the path: Desire à Actions à Habits à Either success or failure à Happiness or sadness. This model works best in youth, because the more a behavior is reinforced, the more it becomes part of immutable nature. |
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| the state after which the fetus can survive on its own |
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| Both Marquis and English believe that the “When is it a person?” debate cannot be solved |
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| 11 Reasons to legalize drugs |
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Definition
11) Government Regulations- quality control makes it safer
10) Elasticity of Demand for Drugs
9) Don’t Help inflate criminals’ profit balloons
8) Tax Payer Money saved
· prohibition creates crime that wouldn’t be there otherwise
7)Prohibit the Crime, not the Drug
6) Societal Benefit:
5) Health Benefits
4) Potency effect:
3) Reductions in Crimes:
2) Free Trade: benefits all parties
1) Basic Constitutional Rights: paternalist law |
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| 10 reasons to keep drugs illegal |
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Definition
1) have made progress, don’t abandon fight
2) balanced approach is key
3)illegal because they are harmful
4) legal medical marijuana is approved by science
5) drug control $ is small compared to amount $ spent on cleaning up after drugs
6) Will lead to increased use
7) Crime, violence, and drug use go hand-in-hand
8) Alcohol has caused problems, legalized drugs could make this worse
9) Europe’s models aren’t right for America
10) Most non violent users get treatment, not jail time |
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