Term
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Definition
| A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. |
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Definition
| A deleterious change in the body's condition in response to an environmental factor. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 categories of Environmental Health Risks |
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Definition
| Toxins, Infectious Agents, Trauma, Pollution, Radiation |
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Term
| Disability-adjusted life years (DALY's) |
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Definition
Combine premature deaths and loss of healthy life resulting from illness or disability.
Lost in productivity, education, etc.
Hit's the young more than the old. |
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Term
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Definition
Persistent and lasting medical condition.
Cancers, heart disease, arthritis.
Leading cause of disability and premature death. |
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Term
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Definition
Rapid onset of disease with a relatively short course, also epidemic diseases.
Flu, colds, diarrhea.
Epidemic diseases still #1 killer in poorest areas.
Diseases can spread through speed and frequency of modern travel. |
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Term
| What is the greatest health threat? |
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Definition
| Pathogenic organisms, accidents, and violence |
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Term
| Communicable diseases are responsible for how many diseases-related deaths? |
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Definition
| 1/3rd, majority poor countries |
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Term
| How much did the flu epidemic of 1918 kill? |
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Definition
| 30 million people, 5% of world population |
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Term
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Definition
| A new diseases or a diseases we haven't seen for over 20 years |
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Term
| Heaviest burden of illness borne by who? |
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Definition
| Poorest people who cannot afford a health environment and health care. |
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Definition
| 90% of diseases burden occurs in developing countries here less than 10% of all health care dollars are spent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seal diseases in west Europe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diseases in deer and elk in North America. Like Mad Cow Diseases |
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Term
| What proportion of all antibiotics manufactured in the US are routinely fed to farm animals to stimulate weight gain. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the downfall of the overuse of antibiotics? |
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Definition
Heavy Natural Selection, diseases mutate.
Many people do not finish the full-course of the diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
Poisonous.
Can be general or very specific. Often harmful even in dilute concentrations. |
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Term
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Definition
Dangerous.
Flammable, explosive, irritant, and acidic. |
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Term
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Definition
Substances that activate the immune system.
Recognized as foreign by white blood cells and stimulate the production of specific antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of allergens and many toxins from carpets, insulation, plastics, foams, molds, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulate normal development and functioning of organs and tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolic poisons that specifically attack nerve cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Agents that damage or alter genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
Specifically cause abnormalities during embryonic growth and development.
like alcohol causing Fetal Alcohol Syndrome |
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Term
| How many fat people are there in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Chemicals that dissolve more readily in water or oil.
Water soluble compounds move rapidly through the environment, and have ready access to most human cells |
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Term
| Why do airborne toxins generally cause more ill health than any other exposure? |
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Definition
| b/c the lining of the lungs easily absorb toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| Selective absorption and storage |
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Term
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Definition
| Toxin burden of a large number of organisms at a lower trophic level is accumulated and concentrated by a predator at a higher level |
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Term
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Definition
| Some chemical compounds are persistent and do not break down at all, while most chemical compounds degrade rapidly |
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Term
| What are some examples of Persistent Organic Pollutants? (POP's) |
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Definition
| foam in upholstery, plastics, Goretex, Teflon, foodpackaging |
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Term
| Dose Response Curves - LD50 |
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Definition
| Dose at which 50% of the test population is sensitive. |
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Term
| What is worse than malaria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the problem with understanding risks? |
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Definition
Personal experiences can be misleading.
We have an exaggerated view of our abilities to control our fate.
News media sensationalizes rare events.
Irrational fears lead to overestimation of certain dangers. |
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Term
| Why is it difficult to establish public policy? |
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Definition
| it is difficult to separate the effects of multiple hazards and evaluate their risks accurately, especially when exposures are near the threshold of measurements and response. |
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Term
| How has population and food production grown in the past 40 years? |
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Definition
| population growth has averaged 1.7% per year while food production increased an average 2.2% |
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Term
| What is the greatest threat to food security? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to obtain sufficient food on a daily basis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Recognizing role of women in food production is an important step forward |
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Term
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Definition
| large-scale food shortages, massive starvation, social disruption and economic chaos |
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Term
| why do mass migrations occur? |
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Definition
b/c productive capacity has been sacrificed.
environmental conditions are immediate trigger, but politics and economics are often underlying problems & war |
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Term
| What are the drawbacks from food camps? |
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Definition
| stress from crowding, lack of sanitation, close contact to epidemic diseases, "killing zones" |
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Term
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Definition
| nutritional imbalance cause by a lack of specific dietary components |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common dietary imbalance in the world that leads to anemia |
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Term
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Definition
"displaced child" - occurs mainly in children whose diet lacks high-quality protein.
reddish - orange hair, bloated stomach |
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Term
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Definition
"to waste away" - caused by a diet low in protein and calories.
very thin, shriveled. |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common dietary problem in wealthy countries |
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Term
| What can over dependence on a small number of crops lead to? |
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Definition
| food security issues and high dependence on pesticides. |
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Term
| highly inequitable distribution |
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Definition
more developed countries make up 20% of world population, but consume 80% of meat and dairy production.
60% of production occurs in lesser developed countries. |
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Term
| how much total maize, soy and coarse grain production are used as livestock feed? |
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Definition
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Term
| livestock are inefficient in converting grain calories to meat, so... |
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Definition
| eating lower on the food chain could result in 10x more food |
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Term
| how are CAFO's bad for the environment? |
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Definition
| Water pollution from animal waste, rarely are waste fully contained, and air pollution |
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Term
| since 1989, 13 of 17 major fisheries have decline or become commercially unsustainable due to what? |
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Definition
| overfishing, ecosystem damage, environmental change |
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Term
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Definition
proving an increasing share of the world's seafood.
but the problems include pollution, ecosystem damage, disease, and escape of genetically engineered species |
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Term
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Definition
| harder to digest but cows are specialized for this vs easier to digest but cause bacterial growth in the rumen, requires antibiotics |
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Term
| Bovine spongiform encephalopathy |
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Definition
| the official name of mad cow disease |
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Term
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Definition
Green Revolution started by this dude.
this bro also won the nobel peace prize |
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Term
| Conventional plant breeding |
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Definition
| corn yields jumped from 25 bushels per acre to 130 per acre in the last century |
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Term
| what do green revolution plants require? |
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Definition
| Extra fertilizers and protection from pests |
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Term
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Definition
| removes DNA from one organism and splices it into the chromosomes of another, creates GMOs |
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Term
| how many of U.S. soybeans, corn, and cotton are now genetically modified strains? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| followed precautionary principle in approach to GM foods. Goverments have listened to popular opposition among their citizens vs GM foods were introduced and accepted with relatively little public debate |
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Term
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Definition
| number of days of grain available to satisfy global demand should all current production cease. 50 days today |
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Term
| per capita food production |
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Definition
amount of food produced per person.
no gain in this measure over the past 20 years |
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Term
| optimist vs pessimist in food supply debate |
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Definition
| declining yields have been due to short-term economic conditions & poor harvests due to weather conditions vs declining yields indicate the onset of a basic limit to agriculture productive capacity. Future changes in climate and limitations to irrigation/fertilizers use will drastically limit supply |
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Term
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Definition
| encourage surpluses and allow farmers in developed countries to sell products overseas at prices below production costs |
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Term
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Definition
farming is dependent on climate and weather, these are unpredictable.
we want to encourage good practices. |
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Term
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Definition
| the current growth rate of grain yields, no matter how it is calculated would not suffice to feed the population of the developing world at rising per capita incomes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how many people lack any access to electricity? |
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Definition
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Term
| First law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| conservation of energy "energy cannot be created or destroyed" |
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Term
| second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy always goes from more useful forms to less useful forms |
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Term
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Definition
| rate of energy conversion, the rate at which energy is used or generated |
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Term
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Definition
| 32%, largest share of energy in US |
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Term
| residential and commerical energy |
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Definition
| both 20% each, 39% total energy |
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Term
| transportation energy, 29% |
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Definition
| transportation energy, 29% |
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Term
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Definition
| high energy to weight ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| we want others to live well, but if they do, the energy and resource needs will be staggering |
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Term
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Definition
| about 20% of energy in industrialized world is consumed as electricity |
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Term
| how do you generate electricity? |
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Definition
convert mechanical energy to electrical energy through electromagnetic induction.
found by Michael Faraday in 1831. |
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Term
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Definition
fossilized plant material preserved by burial in sediments and compacted and condensed by geological forces into carbon-rich fuel.
the cheapest way to produced baseload electricity.
the key to climate change, if we burn it all, change will be large. |
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Term
| how much electricity is produced from coal? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
world deposits are ten times greater than conventional oil and gas resources combined.
can last 400 more years |
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Term
| what are the types of coal mining? |
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Definition
| subsurface mining from underground or strip mining from the surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| this type of coal mining causes massive erosion, runoff, and habitat destruction |
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Term
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Definition
coal burning release radioactivity and toxic metals into the atmosphere.
it is responsible for 25% of all atmospheric mercury pollution in the US.
Coal contains up to 10% sulfur by weight, unless removed by washing. |
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Term
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Definition
4 trillion worldwide.
we have already burned at least half of all recoverable oil. |
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Term
| when should oil hit its peak and then be fully depleted? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 70% of petroleum goes to transportation |
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Term
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Definition
a mixture of hundreds.
put through a refining process to segregate different components.
use boiling points to isolate lighter weight oils from heavier oils. |
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Term
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Definition
| Saudi Arabia produces the most oil, the US consumes the most oil. We import the most oil from Canada. |
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Term
| who has the largest global oil shale? |
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Definition
| Largest oil shale reserves in Western US. 1.8 trillion barrels of shale oil. |
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Term
| Tar sands & oil shale environmental costs |
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Definition
| harge volumes of waste, releases greenhouse gases, contaminates/uses billions of gallons of water each year, effects on ecosystems. |
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Term
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Definition
World's 3rd largest commercial fuel, 23% of global energy consumption.
Produces half as much CO2 as equivalent amount of coal.
Difficult to ship long distances, and to store in large quantities. CH4 |
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Term
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Definition
| 34% Industrial, 34% residential and commercial, 30% electricity generation |
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Term
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Definition
5,500 trillion ft squared.
60 year supply at present use rates.
believe more reserves will be accessible, but it will eventually become too expensive |
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Term
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Definition
| 21% of baseload electricity |
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Term
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Definition
| 200 years at current rates |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of neutron-absorbing material are inserted into spaces between fuel assemblies to control reaction rate |
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Term
| Pressurized water reactors |
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Definition
| seventy percent of nuclear power plants are this kind |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when the reactor containment is breached.
usually happens when coolant circulation fails, typically human error is involved. |
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Term
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Definition
create fissionable plutonium and thorium isotopes from stable forms of uranium.
so fission "breeds" more fissionable material. |
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Term
| Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power |
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Definition
| CO2, NOx, SOx free, large domestic reserves, well suited to existing electrical distribution system vs risk of catastrophic failure, mining impacts, weapons proliferation, waste disposal |
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Term
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Definition
reducing air filtration is usually the cheapest, quickest and most effective way of saving household energy.
Half the fuel required in today's house. |
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Term
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Definition
| Must have air circulation so efficiency has limits |
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Term
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Definition
| most potential energy in fuel is lost as waste heat |
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Term
| distributional surcharges |
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Definition
| small fee levied on all utility customers |
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Term
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Definition
| suppliers mus get minimum percentage of power from renewable sources |
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Term
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Definition
| allows utilities to profit from conservation programs and charge premium prices from renewable energy |
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Term
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Definition
| arrives on top of atmosphere 10,000x more than all commercial energy used annually |
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Term
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Definition
| abundant enough to easily supply global needs |
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Term
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Definition
| using absorptive structures with no moving parts to gather and hold heat |
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Term
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Definition
| pump-heat absorbing medium (like water/oil) through a collector, rather than passively collecting heat in a stationary object |
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Term
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Definition
| curved reflective surfaces that collect light and focus it onto a concentrated point |
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Term
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Definition
capture solar energy and convert it directly to electrical current.
use sun's energy to "push" electrons from donor atoms to receptor atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| heavy and have low energy density |
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Term
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Definition
| inexpensive and have high energy densities, but short lives |
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Term
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Definition
| high storage capacity but more expensive |
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Term
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Definition
| very long lives, lightweight, and store large amounts of energy, but are very expensive |
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Term
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Definition
use on-going electrochemical reactions to produce electric current.
provide direct-current electricity as long as supplied with fuel like hydrogen and oxygen.
40-45% efficiency.
can be stacked together until desired power level is achieved |
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Term
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Definition
| energy from the sun, via photosynthesis in plants |
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Term
| efficiency of photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
if we harvest all crops for energy, the amount of energy available is about equal to the total annual energy used in the US.
the maount of energy in the global biomass is about 8 times more than the amount of energy currently used globally. |
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Term
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Definition
can be carbon neutral
vs
we grow just enough food to feed people, any biomass energy use means food issues: price and availability |
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Term
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Definition
main component of natural gas. produced by anaerobic decomposition.
relatively clean, efficient fuel.
in landfills and CAFOs |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of gasoline and ethanol, more oxygen so less CO |
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Term
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Definition
does not compete with food.
is the goal.
not commercially viable yet. |
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Term
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Definition
| chains of sugar: the structural material, majority of mass |
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Term
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Definition
| binding material in plant matter |
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Term
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Definition
| usually in seeds or fruits |
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Term
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Definition
made from plant sugars using fermentation.
competes directly with food, we also want the sugars.
it is a waste product. |
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Term
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Definition
as the sun drives water evaporation, and rain/snow falls on the high ground then falls by gravity.
industrialized countries have already tapped most of their potential. |
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Term
| good vs bad of hydropower |
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Definition
very clean, very efficient.
dependable water for crops.
flood control.
vs
ecosystem modification.
sedimentation.
evaporative losses.
nutrient flow altered |
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Term
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Definition
| large concentrations of wind generators producing commercial electricity |
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Term
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Definition
high pressure, high temperature steam fields exist below the earth's surface.
about 1000 times less energy flow to the earths surface than from the sun to the earths surface |
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Term
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Definition
| form of hydropower, but used gravitational energy, the pull of the moon and water |
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Term
| what is our energy future? |
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Definition
| if we stay focused on fossil fuels, we can burn them all by 2100 |
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