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Intro to Endo 4
Intro to Endo 4
39
Science
Undergraduate 4
01/30/2009

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Term
Cretinism
Definition
resulting from sever hypothyroidism. may result from failure of thyroid to descend during embryonic develoopment from origin at the base of tongue. "ectopic thyroid". characterized by poor feeding, sexual retardation, mental "", retardation of bone growth.
Term
Dwarfism
Definition
results from growth hormone deficiency. GH deficiency early onset of growth failure. GH deficiency due to hypo-function of Anterior Pituitary.
Term
Hormones responsible for Adrenal gland growth
Definition
ACTH, and Angiotensin II.
Term
Hormone responsible for thyroid gland
Definition
TSH
Term
Hormone responsible for gonad growth
Definition
LH, FSH
Term
Oncogenes role in cancer
Definition
many oncogenes are analogs of growth factors or growth factor receptors. Therefore, deranged hormone signalling pathway can cause cancer.
Term
Vasopressin
Definition
regulates serum osmolality and water excretion. Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) regulates serum sodium and potassium and to some exten chloride and bicarbonate ion concentration and balance.
Term
ANP
Definition
Atria Neuretic Peptide. Released in response to the stretching of the atrial walls of the heart by increased blood volume. exrcete salt into glomeruli
Term
IGF-I
Definition
controls growth and mineralization of matrix andmineral phase of bone
Term
TNF
Definition
a cytokine that plays a major role in bone remodeling
Term
Estrogens on bone
Definition
promote accrual of bone matrix and prevent the development of osteoporosis while glucocorticoids and thyroid hormone have opposite effects
Term
Testosterone
Definition
regulates the development of male sexual characteristics like muscle, penile, prostate growth and deepening of voice and lbido
Term
Female sex steroids
Definition
regulate menstrual cycle and ovulation
Term
Leptin
Definition
secreted from adipose tissue, promotes maturation of reproductive tract andmay trigger onset of puberty.
Term
Progesterone
Definition
essential for establishing and maintaining pregnancy in humans. decreases myometrial sensitivity to oxytocin.
Term
Placenta
Definition
produces number of hormones, chorionic somatomammotropin, placental lactogen
Term
Glucocorticoids on immune system
Definition
they blunt immonologic and inflammatory responses
Term
Sex steroids on immune system
Definition
suppress the immune response, therefore castration results in enlargement oflymph nodes and spleen. severe graft-versus-host disease.
Term
Estrogens effect on immune system
Definition
stimulate antibody production, and females tend to have higher levels of major Ig classes in both basal and stimulated conditions.
Term
Pregnancy on immune system
Definition
can ameliorate autoimmune diseases through unknown mechanisms. suppresses cellular but not humoral immune response.
Term
Excess glucocorticoid
Definition
psychosis results from this
Term
Excess insulin
Definition
can cause hypoglycemia and result in a coma
Term
Hypothyroidism
Definition
can cause depressed mental status and result in a coma
Term
Glucocorticoid tretment
Definition
suppress excessive inflammatory and immunolgic responses, but can cause osteoporosis, physical disfigurement, hypertension, gastric ulcers.
Term
Estrogen Treatments
Definition
reduce bone loss, but can increase the risk of breast cance and uterine cancer.
Term
3 types of disorders of endocrine
Definition
excess, deficiency, resistance to hormones
Term
Types of endocrine hypofunction
Definition
destruction of gland, extraglandular disorders, defects in hormone biosynthesis
Term
Destruction of gland
Definition
results from autoimmune destruction, or tumor, ischemia, infection, hemorrhage, neoplasms. diabetes mellitus type I, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, gonadal failure, polyglandular failure syndrome.
Term
Extraglandular Disorder
Definition
due to damage to tissues that produce hormones or convert hormone precursors to active forms.
Term
Problems with glucocorticoid therapy
Definition
Extraglandular disorder when glucocorticoid therapy reduces insulin sensitivity and can precipitate diabetes mellitus or aggravate existing diabetes.
Term
Thyroid hormone extraglandular disorders
Definition
TH increases cortisol metabolism, and treatment of hypothyroidism w/ TH can lead to latent adrenal insufficiency.
Term
Hypothyroidism treatment with anticonvulsant phenytoin
Definition
this treatment can accelerate the degradation of glucocorticoids and increase the need for the these hormones.
Term
Defects in Hormone Synthesis
Definition
can lead to decreased hormone production or lead to production of defective hormones.
Term
Endocrine Hyperfunction
Definition
due to tumors, hyperplasia, or autoimmune stimulation. endocrine gland tumors can produce excess hormone.
Term
Cotisol hyperfunction
Definition
corisol excess due to pituitary ACTH-producign tumors or syndrom of hyperthyroidism due to pituitary TSH-producing tumors.
Term
Autoimmune induced hyperfunction
Definition
autoimmune stimulation can result in hyperfunctino of glands like hyperthyroidism. Antibodies are produced that bind to and activate the TSH receptor on the gland.
Term
Resistance to Hormones
Definition
receptor defects, defect of post-receptor loci, such as receptor association with co-regulatory proteins.
Term
Syndrome X
Definition
is characterized by excessive insulin resistance with overlap into type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia with increased triglycerides and cholesterol, and hypertension.
Term
Nonendocrine problems associated with endocrine disease
Definition
pituitary tumors can cause increased intracranial pressure or neurologic or ocular problems when they extend outside the sella turcica. Thyroid tumors or large goiters can cause local problems in the neck
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