Term
| 5 GENERAL TYPES OF PUNISHMENT |
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Definition
| FINES, PROBATION, INTERMEDIATE PUNISHMENTS, IMPRISONMENT, AND DEATH |
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Term
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Definition
| CRIMINAL CONDUCT-- SPECIFICALLY, INTENTIONAL OR CRIMINALLY NEGLIGENT (RECKLESS) ACTION OR INACTION THAT CAUSES HARM |
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Term
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Definition
| FOR DURKHEIM, THE DISSOCIATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL FROM THE COLLECTIVE CONSCIENCE. FOR MERTON, THE CONTRADICTION BETWEEN THE CULTURAL GOAL OF ACHIEVING WEALTH AND THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE'S INABILITY TO PROVIDE LEGITIMATE INSTITUTIONAL MEANS FOR ACHIEVING THE GOAL. FOR CHOSEN IT IS CAUSED BY THE INABILITY OF JUVENILES TO ACHIEVE STATUS AMONG PEERS BY SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE MEANS. |
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Term
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Definition
| FEELS SEPARATED FROM THE SOCIAL GROUP. PEOPLE CAN ADAPT TO THIS THEORY. SOME GIVE UP AND SUBMERGE THEMSELVES AND RETREAT |
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Term
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Definition
| (HAPPENS AFTER AN INDICTMENT OR INFORMATION IS FILED W. THE TRIAL COURT) A PRETRIAL STAGE TO HEAR THE INFORMATION OR INDICTMENT AND TO ALLOW A PLEA |
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Term
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Definition
| SEIZING AND DETAINING OF A PERSON BY LAWFUL AUTHORITY |
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Term
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Definition
| THE SEIZURE OF A PERSON OR THE TAKING OF A PERSON INTO CUSTODY, EITHER ACTUAL PHYSICAL CUSTODY, AS WHEN A SUSPECT IS HANDCUFFED BY A POLICE OFFICER, OR CONSTRUCTIVE CUSTODY, AS WHEN A PERSON PEACEFULLY SUBMITS TO A POLICE OFFICER'S CONTROL |
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Term
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Definition
| A PERSON WHO REVERTS TO A SAVAGE TYPE |
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Term
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Definition
| A TRIAL BEFORE A JUDGE WITHOUT A JURY, 95% OF CASES SOLVED THIS WAY |
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Term
| BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT |
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Definition
| THE STANDARD OF PROOF NECESSARY TO FIND A DEFENDANT GUILTY IN A CRIMINAL TRIAL. |
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Term
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Definition
| ACCORDING TO BIOLOGICAL THEORIES, A CRIMINAL'S INNATE PHYSIOLOGICAL MAKEUP PRODUCES CERTAIN PHYSICAL OR GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS THAT DISTINGUISH CRIMINALS FROM NONCRIMINALS |
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Term
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Definition
| A GROUP OF SOCIOLOGISTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO WHO ASSUMED IN THEIR RESEARCH THAT DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR WAS A PRODUCT OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION |
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Term
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Definition
| ONE OF 2 GENERAL TYPES OF LAW PRACTICED IN THE US; A MEANS OF RESOLVING CONFLICTS B/T INDIVIDUALS. IT INCLUDES PERSONAL INJURY CLAIMS (TORTS), THE LAW OF CONTRACTS AND PROPERTY, AND SUBJECTS SUCH AS ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND THE REGULATION OF PUBLIC UTILITIES. |
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Term
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Definition
| FOR RADICAL CRIMINOLOGISTS, THE COMPETITION AMONG WEALTHY PEOPLE AND AMONG POOR PEOPLE AND BETWEEN RICH AND POOR PEOPLE WHICH CAUSES CRIME. |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD) PEOPLE EXERCISE FREE WILL AND ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR BEHAVIOR AND THEY ARE MOTIVATED BY HEDONISTIC MOTIVES. |
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Term
| CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE |
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Definition
| THE STANDARD OF PROOF REQUIRED IN SOME CIVIL CASES AND IN FEDERAL COURTS, THE STANDARD OF PROOF NECESSARY FOR A DEFENDANT TO MAKE A SUCCESSFUL CLAIM OF INSANITY |
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Term
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Definition
| THE GENERAL SENSE OF MORALITY OF THE TIMES |
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Term
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Definition
| AN ADMISSION BY A PERSON ACCUSED OF A CRIME THAT HE OR SHE COMMITTED THE OFFENSE CHARGED. |
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Term
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Definition
| A THEORY THAT ASSUMES THAT SOCIETY IS BASED PRIMARILY ON CONFLICT BETWEEN COMPETING INTEREST GROUPS AND THAT CRIMINAL LAW AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ARE USED TO CONTROL SUBORDINATE GROUPS. CRIME IS CAUSED BY RELATIVE POWERLESSNESS. |
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Term
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Definition
| AN ILLEGAL SUBSTANCE OR OBJECT |
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Term
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Definition
| ONE OF PACKER'S TWO MODES OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS. POLITICALLY, IT REFLECTS TRADITIONAL CONSERVATIVE VALUES. IN THIS MODEL, THE CONTROL OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE |
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Term
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Definition
| AN ESTIMATE OF CRIMES COMMITTED |
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Term
| CRIME INDEX OFFENSES CLEARED |
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Definition
| THE NUMBER OF OFFENSES FOR WHICH AT LEAST 1 PERSON HAS BEEN ARRESTED, CHARGED WITH THE COMMISSION OF THE OFFENSE, AND TURNED OVER TO THE COURT FOR PROSECUTION. |
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Term
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Definition
| A MEASURE OF THE INCIDENCE OF CRIME EXPRESSED AS THE NUMBER OF CRIMES PER UNIT OF POPULATION OR SOME OTHER BASE |
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Term
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Definition
| ONE OF TWO GENERAL TYPES OF LAW PRACTICED IN THE US; A FORMAL MEANS OF SOCIAL CONTROL THAT USES RULES INTERPRETED AND ENFORCED BY THE COURTS TO SET LIMITS TO THE CONDUCT OF THE CITIZENS, TO GUIDE THE OFFICIALS AND TO DEFINE UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR. REFLECTS SOCIAL VALUES |
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Term
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Definition
| THE WAY PEOPLE AND ACTIONS ARE DEFINED AS CRIMINAL |
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Term
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Definition
| THE EXPLANATION OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR, AS WELL AS THE BEHAVIOR OF POLICE, ATTORNEYS, PROSECUTORS, JUDGES, CORRECTIONAL PERSONNEL, VICTIMS, AND OTHER ACTORS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS |
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Term
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Definition
| THE NUMBER OF CRIMES NOT OFFICIALLY RECORDED BY THE POLICE |
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Term
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Definition
| PERSON AGAINST WHOM A LEGAL ACTION IS BROUGHT, A WARRANT IS USED, OR AN INDICTMENT IS FOUND. |
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Term
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Definition
| SUTHERLAND'S THEORY THAT PERSONS WHO BECOME CRIMINAL DO SO BECAUSE OF CONTACTS WITH CRIMINAL PATTERS AND ISOLATION FROM ANTI-CRIMINAL PATTERNS |
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Term
| DOCTRINE OF FUNDAMENTAL FAIRNESS |
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Definition
| THE RULE THAT MAKES CONFESSIONS INADMISSIBLE IN CRIMINAL TRIALS IF THEY WERE OBTAINED Y MEANS OF EITHER PSYCHOLOGICAL MANIPULATION OR "THIRD-DEGREE" METHODS. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE TRYING OF A DEFENDANT A SECOND TIME FOR THE SAME OFFENSE WHEN JEOPARDY ATTACHES IN THE FIRST TRIAL AND MISTRIAL WIS NOT DECLARED |
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Term
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Definition
| THE RIGHTS OF PEOPLE SUSPECTED OF OR CHARGED WITH CRIMES. (were right's distributed fairly?) |
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Term
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Definition
| ONE OF PACKER'S TWO MODELS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS. POLITICALLY, IT EMBODIES TRADITIONAL LIBERAL VALUES. IN THIS MODEL, THE PRINCIPAL GOAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE IS AT LEAST AS MUCH TO PROTECT THE INNOCENT AS IT IS TO CONVICT THE GUILTY. |
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Term
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Definition
| FORCE OR COERCION AS AN EXCUSE FOR COMMITTING A CRIME |
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Term
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Definition
| THE PART 1 OFFENSES IN THE FBI'S UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS. THEY WERE (1) MURDER AND NONNEGLIGENT MANSLAUGHTER, (2) FORCIBLE RAPE, (3) ROBBERY, (4) AGGRAVATED ASSAULT, (5) BURGLARY, (6) LARCENY-THEFT, (7) MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT, AND (8) ARSON, WHICH WAS ADDED IN 1979. |
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Term
| ELEMENTS FOR CRIME TO HAVE OCCURRED |
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Definition
| HARM, LEGALITY, ACTUS REUS, MES REA, CAUSATION, CONCURRENCE, AND PUNISHMENT |
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Term
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Definition
| A LEGAL DEFENSE AGAINST CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY WHEN A PERSON, WHO WAS NOT ALREADY PREDISPOSED TO IT, IS INDUCED INTO COMMITTING A CRIME BY A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER OR BY HIS OR HER AGENT |
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Term
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Definition
| A LAW THAT (1) DECLARES CRIMINAL AN ACT THAT WAS NOT ILLEGAL WHEN IT WAS COMMITTED, (2) INCREASES THE PUNISHMENT FOR A CRIME AFTER IT IS COMMITTED, OR (3) ALTERS THE RULES OF EVIDENCE IN A PARTICULAR CASE AFTER THE CRIME IS COMMITTED. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE RULE THAT ILLEGALLY SEIZED EVIDENCE MUST BE EXCLUDED FROM TRIALS IN FEDERAL COURTS. |
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Term
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Definition
| A PERSPECTIVE ON CRIMINALITY THAT FOCUSES ON WOMEN'S EXPERIENCES AND SEEKS TO ABOLISH MEN'S CONTROL OVER WOMEN'S LABOR AND THEIR SEXUALITY. |
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Term
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Definition
| CONDUCTING A SEARCH OF WEAPONS BY PATTING THE OUTSIDE OF A SUSPECT;S CLOTHING, FEELING FOR HARD OBJECTS THAT MIGHT BE WEAPONS |
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Term
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Definition
| THE PREVENTION OF PEOPLE IN GENERAL OR SOCIETY AT LARGE FROM ENGAGING IN CRIME BY PUNISHING SPECIFIC INDIVIDUALS AND MAKING EXAMPLES OF THEM. |
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Term
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Definition
| (USED IN ONLY ABOUT HALF THE STATES). GROUP OF CITIZENS WHO MEET TO INVESTIGATE CHARGES COMING FROM PRELIMINARY HEARINGS. ISSUE AN INDICTMENT |
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Term
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Definition
| EXTERNAL CONSEQUENCE REQUIRED TO MAKE AN ACTION A CRIME |
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Term
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Definition
| A MEANS BY WHICH A PERSON CAN LEARN NEW RESPONSES BY OBSERVING OTHERS WITHOUT PERFORMING ANY OVERT ACT OR RECEIVING DIRECT REINFORCEMENT OR REWARD. |
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Term
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Definition
| USED WHEN JURIES FAIL TO INDICT DEFENDANT. A DOCUMENT THAT OUTLINES THE FORMAL CHARGES AGAINST A SUSPECT, THE LAWS THAT HAVE BEEN VIOLATED, AND THE EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THE CHARGE |
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Term
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Definition
| A PRETRIAL STAGE IN WHICH A DEFENDANT IS BROUGHT BEFORE A LOWER COURT TO BE GIVEN NOTICE OF THE CHARGE(S) AND ADVISED OF HER OR HIS CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS |
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Term
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Definition
| MENTAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT OR RETARDATION AS A DEFENSE AGAINST A CRIMINAL CHARGE |
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Term
| INSTITUTION OF SOCIAL CONTROL |
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Definition
| AN ORGANIZATION THAT PERSUADES PEOPLE, THROUGH SUBTLE AND NOT-SO-SUBTLE MEANS, TO ABIDE BY THE DOMINANT VALUES OF SOCIETY |
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Term
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Definition
| A POLITICALLY DEFINED GEOGRAPHICAL AREA |
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Term
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Definition
| A SPECIAL CATEGORY OF OFFENSE CREATED FOR YOUNG OFFENDERS, USUALLY THOSE BETWEEN 7 AND 18 YEARS OF AGE |
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Term
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Definition
| A THEORY THAT EMPHASIZES THE CRIMINALIZATION PROCESS AS THE CAUSE OF SOME CRIME |
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Term
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Definition
| A THEORY THAT EXPLAINS CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AND ITS PREVENTION WITH THE CONCEPTS OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT, NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT, EXTINCTION, PUNISHMENT, AND MODELING, OR IMITATION |
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Term
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Definition
| A GROUP OF SOCIAL SCIENTISTS WHO ARGUE THAT CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGISTS NEED TO REDIRECT THEIR ATTENTION TO THE FEAR AND THE VERY REAL VICTIMIZATION EXPERIENCED BY WORKING-CLASS PEOPLE |
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Term
| LEGAL DEFINITION OF CRIME |
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Definition
| AN INTENTIONAL VIOLATION OF THE CRIMINAL LAW OR PENAL CODE, COMMITTED WITHOUT DEFENSE OR EXCUSE AND PENALIZED BY THE STATE. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE REQUIREMENT (1)THAT A HARM MUST BE LEGALLY FORBIDDEN FOR THE BEHAVIOR TO BE A CRIME AND (2) THAT THE LAW MUST NOT BE RETROACTIVE. |
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Term
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Definition
| A STRUCTURE SURROUNDING THE BRAIN STEM THAT, IN PART, CONTROLS THE LIFE FUNCTIONS OF HEARTBEAT, BREATHING, AND SLEEP. IT ALSO IS BELIEVED TO MODERATE EXPRESSIONS OF VIOLENCE; SUCH EMOTIONS AS ANGER, RAGE, AND FEAR; AND SEXUAL RESPONSE |
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Term
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Definition
| WRONG IN THEMSELVES. A DESCRIPTION APPLIED TO CRIMES THAT ARE CHARACTERIZED BY UNIVERSALITY AND TIMELESSNESS. |
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Term
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Definition
| OFFENSES THAT ARE ILLEGAL BECAUSE LAWS DEFINE THEM AS SUCH. THEY LACK UNIVERSALITY AND TIMELESSNESS. |
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Term
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Definition
| CRIMINAL INTENT; A GUILTY STATE OF MIND |
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Term
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Definition
| THE STANDARD OF PROOF WITH THE LEAST CERTAINTY; A "GUT FEELING." WITH ____ ______, A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER CANNOT LEGALLY EVEN STOP A SUSPECT. |
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Term
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Definition
| A LESS SERIOUS CRIME GENERALLY PUNISHABLE BY A FINE OR BY INCARCERATION IN JAIL FOR NOT MORE THAN 1 YEAR |
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Term
| NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEYS (NCVS) |
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Definition
| A SOURCE OF CRIME STATISTICS BASED ON INTERVIEWS IN WHICH RESPONDENTS ARE ASKED WHETHER THEY HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OF ANY OF THE FBI'S INDEX OFFENSES OR OTHER CRIES DURING THE PAST 6 MONTHS. IF THEY HAVE THEY ARE ASKED TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT THE EXPERIENCE |
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Term
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Definition
| A LEGAL DEFENSE AGAINST CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY USED WHEN A CRIME HAS BEEN COMMITTED TO PREVENT A MORE SERIOUS CRIME |
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Term
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Definition
| FAILURE TO TAKE REASONABLE PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT HARM |
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Term
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Definition
| A MODIFICATION OF CLASSICAL THEORY IN WHICH IT WAS CONCEDED THAT CERTAIN FACTORS, SUCH AS INSANITY, MIGHT INHIBIT THE EXERCISE OF FREE WILL |
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Term
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Definition
| THE FAILURE TO ROUTINELY ENFORCE PROHIBITIONS AGAINST CERTAIN BEHAVIORS |
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Term
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Definition
| ANY STANDARD OR RULE REGARDING WHT HUMAN BEINGS SHOULD OR SHOULD NOT THINK, SAY, OR DO UNDER GIVEN CIRCUMSTANCES |
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Term
| OFFENSES KNOWN TO THE POLICE |
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Definition
| A CRIME INDEX, REPORTED IN THE FBI'S UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS, COMPOSED OF CRIMES THAT ARE BOTH REPORTED TO AND RECORDED BY THE POLICE (MOST INACCURATE) |
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Term
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Definition
| PROHIBITION BY THE CRIMINAL LAW OF SOME BEHAVIORS THAT ARGUABLY SHOULD NOT BE PROHIBITED |
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Term
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Definition
| THE CONDITIONAL RELEASE OF PRISONERS BEFORE THEY HAVE SERVED THEIR FULL SENTENCES |
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Term
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Definition
| MEN'S CONTROL OVER WOMEN'S LABOR AND SEXUALITY |
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Term
| PEACEMAKING CRIMINOLOGY/THEORY |
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Definition
| AN APPROACH THAT SUGGESTS THAT THE SOLUTIONS TO ALL SOCIAL PROBLEMS, INCLUDING CRIME, ARE THE TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN BEINGS, MUTUAL DEPENDENCE, REDUCTION OF CLASS STRUCTURES, CREATION OF COMMUNITIES OF CARING PEOPLE, AND UNIVERSAL SOCIAL JUSTICE. (solution is transforming all human beings) |
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Term
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Definition
| THE CRIMINAL LAW OF A POLITICAL JURISDICTION |
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Term
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Definition
| AN IDEAL CHARACTERISTIC OF CRIMINAL LAW; THE PRINCIPLE THAT VIOLATORS WILL BE PUNISHED OR AT LEAST THREATENED WITH PUNISHMENT BY THE STATE |
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Term
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Definition
| THE PRACTICE WHEREBY A SPECIFIC SENTENCE IS IMPOSED IF THE ACCUSED PLEADS GUILTY TO AN AGREED-UPON CHARGE OR CHARGES INSTEAD OF GOING TO TRIAL. |
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Term
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Definition
| AN IDEAL CHARACTERISTIC OF CRIMINAL LAW, REFERRING TO ITS LEGITIMATE SOURCE. ONLY VIOLATIONS OF RULES MADE BY THE STATE, THE POLITICAL JURISDICTION THAT ENACTED THE LAWS, ARE CRIMES |
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Term
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Definition
| AN AREA OF CRITICAL THOUGHT THAT, AMONG OTHER THINGS, ATTEMPTS TO UNDERSTAND THE CREATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND HOW KNOWLEDGE AND LANGUAGE CREATE HIERARCHY AND DOMINATION. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE ABILITY OF SOME GROUPS TO DOMINATE OTHER GROUPS IN A SOCIETY |
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Term
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Definition
| A DECISION THAT FORMS A POTENTIAL BASIS FOR DECIDING THE OUTCOMES OF SIMILAR CASES IN THE FUTURE; A BY-PRODUCT OF DECISIONS MADE BY TRIAL AND APPELATE COURT JUDGES, WHO PRODUCE CASE LAW WHENEVER THEY RENDER A DECISION IN A PARTICULAR CASE |
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Term
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Definition
| IN A FELONY CASE (ONLY), A PRETRIAL STAGE AT WHICH A JUDGE DETERMINES WHETHER THERE IS PROBABLE CAUSE |
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Term
| PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE |
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Definition
| EVIDENCE THAT MORE LIKELY THAN NOT OUTWEIGHS THE OPPOSING EVIDENCE, OR SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO OVERCOME DOUBT OR SPECULATION |
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Term
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Definition
| A STANDARD OF PROOF THAT REQUIRES TRUSTWORTHY EVIDENCE SUFFICIENT TO MAKE A REASONABLE PERSON BELIEVE THAT, MORE LIKELY THAN NO, THE PROPOSED ACTION IS JUSTIFIED |
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Term
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Definition
| THE AMT OF PROOF NECESSARY FOR A REASONABLY INTELLIGENT PERSON TO BELIEVE THAT A CRIME HAS BEEN COMMITTED OR THAT ITEMS CONNECTED WITH CRIMINAL ACTIVITY CAN BE FOUND IN A PARTICULAR PLACE. IT IS THE STANDARD OF PROOF NEEDED TO CONDUCT A SEARCH OR TO MAKE AN ARREST. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE BODY OF LAW THAT GOVERNS THE WAYS SUBSTANTIVE LAWS ARE ADMINISTERED. SOMETIMES CALLED ADJECTIVE OR REMEDIAL LAW. WHAT IS NEEDED TO ENFORCE THE LAWS |
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Term
| PSYCHOPATHS, SOCIOPATHS, OR ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITIES |
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Definition
| PERSONS CHANRACTERIZED BY NO SENSE OF GUILT, NO SUBJECTIVE CONSCIENCE, AND NO SENSE OF RIGHT AND WRONG. THEY HAVE DIFFICULTY IN FORMING RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER PEOPLE; THEY CANNOT EMPATHIZE WITH OTHER PEOPLE |
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Term
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Definition
| THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION THAT RE GENERALLY BASED ON A MARXIST THEORY OF CLASS STRUGGLE |
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Term
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Definition
| A STANDARD OF PROOF THAT IS MORE THAN A GUT FEELING. IT INCLUDES THE ABILITY TO ARTICULATE REASONS FOR THE SUSPICION. WITH REASONABLE SUSPICION, A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER IS LEGALLY PERMITTED TO STOP AND FRISK A SUSPECT |
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Term
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Definition
| AN IDEAL CHARACTERISTIC OF CRIMINAL LAW; THE APPLICABILITY OF THE LAW TO ALL PERSONS, REGARDLESS OF SOCIAL STATUS |
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Term
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Definition
| REFERS TO INEQUALITIES (IN RESOURCES, OPPORTUNITIES, MATERIAL GOODS, ETC.) THAT ARE DEFINED BY A PERSON AS UNFAIR OR UNJUST. |
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Term
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Definition
| IN CONFLICT THEORY, THE ABILITY TO DIMINATE OTHER GROUPS IN SOCIETY |
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Term
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Definition
| EXPLORATIONS OR INSPECTIONS, BY LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS, OF HOMES, PREMISES, VEHICLES, OR PERSONS, FOR THE PURPOSE OF DISCOVERING EVIDENCE OF CRIMES OR PERSONS WHO ARE ACCUSED OF CRIMES. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE TAKING OF PERSONS OR PROPERTY INTO CUSTODY IN RESPONSE TO VIOLATIONS OF THE CRIMINAL LAW |
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Term
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Definition
| BEING A WITNESS AGAINST ONESELF, IF FORCED, IT IS A VIOLATION OF THE 5TH AMENDMENT |
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Term
| SELF-REPORT CRIME SURVEYS |
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Definition
| SURVEYS IN WHICH SUBJECTS ARE ASKED WHETHER THEY HAVE COMMITTED CRIMES |
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Term
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Definition
| AN IMAGINARY AGREEMENT TO SACRIFICE THE MINIMUM AMOUNT OF LIBERTY NECESSARY TO PERCENT ANARCHY AND CHAOS |
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Term
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Definition
| A VIEW IN WHICH PEOPLE ARE EXPECTED TO COMMIT CRIME AND DELINQUENCY UNLESS THEY ARE PREVENTED FROM DOING SO |
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Term
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Definition
| THE CONDITION IN WHICH THE USUAL CONTROLS OVER DELINQUENTS ARE LARGELY ABSENT, DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR IS OFTEN APPROVED OF BY PARENTS AND NEIGHBORS, THERE ARE MANY OPPORTUNITIES FOR DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR, AND THERE IS LITTLE ENCOURAGEMENT, TRAINING, OR OPPORTUNITY FOR LEGITIMATE EMPLOYMENT |
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Term
| SPECIAL (SPECIFIC) DETERRENCE |
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Definition
| THE PREVENTION OF INDIVIDUALS FORM COMMITTING CRIME AGAIN BY PUNISHING THEM |
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Term
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Definition
| AN IDEAL CHARACTERISTIC OF CRIMINAL LAW, REFERRING TO ITS SCOPE. ALTHOUGH CIVIL LAW MAY BE GENERAL IN SCOPE, CRIMINAL LAW SHOULD PROVIDE STRICT DEFINITIONS OF SPECIFIC ACTS. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE PRINCIPLE OF USING PRECEDENTS TO GUIDE FUTURE DECISIONS IN COURT CASES; LATIN FOR "TO STAND BY DECIDED CASES." |
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Term
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Definition
| AN ACT THAT IS ILLEGAL FOR A JUVENILE BUT WOULD NOT BE A CRIME IF COMMITTED BY AN ADULT |
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Term
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Definition
| AN ACT THAT IS ILLEGAL FOR A JUVENILE BUT WOULD NOT BE A CRIME IF COMMITTED BY AN ADULT |
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Term
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Definition
| A WRITTEN ORDER ISSUED BY A COURT THAT REQUIRES A PERSON TO APPEAR AT A CERTAIN TIME AND PLACE TO GIVE TESTIMONY. IT CAN ALSO REQUIRE THAT DOCUMENTS AND OBJECTS BE MADE AVAILABLE FOR EXAMINATION BY THE COURT. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE BODY OF LAW THAT DEFINES CRIMINAL OFFENSES AND THEIR PENALTIES |
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Term
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Definition
| AN IMMEDIATE TRIAL WITHOUT JURY. USUALLY USED FOR A MISDEMEANOR OR AN ORDINANCE VIOLATION. IN FELONY IT'S USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE DEFENDANT SHOULD BE RELEASED OR WHETHER THERE IS PROBABLE CAUSE TO HOLD THE DEFENDANT FOR A PRELIMINARY HEARING |
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Term
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Definition
| SMOOTHLY OPERATING SET OF ARRANGEMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS DIRECTED TOWARD THE ACHIEVEMENT OF COMMON GOALS |
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Term
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Definition
| AN ASSUMPTION (OR SET OF ASSUMPTIONS) THAT ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN WHY OR HOW THINGS ARE RELATED TO EACH OTHER |
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Term
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Definition
| A VIOLATION OF THE CIVIL LAW |
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Term
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Definition
| THE FAILURE TO PROHIBIT SOME BEHAVIORS THAT ARGUABLY SHOULD BE PROHIBITED |
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Term
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Definition
| AN IDEAL CHARACTERISTIC OF CRIMINAL LAW; THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAWS AGAINST EVERYONE WHO VIOLATES THEM, REGARDLESS OF SOCIAL STATUS |
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Term
| US CONSTITUTION'S 8TH AMENDMENT |
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Definition
| PROHIBITS CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENTS |
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Term
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Definition
| THE PRINCIPLE THAT A POLICY SHOULD PROVIDE "THE GREATEST HAPPINESS SHARED BY THE GREATEST NUMBER." |
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Term
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Definition
| A WRITTEN ORDER FROM A COURT DIRECTING LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS TO CONDUCT A SEARCH OR TO ARREST A PERSON. |
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Term
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Definition
| DO NOT HAVE A RIGHT FOR TRIAL BY JURY, JUST A SUMMARY |
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Term
| PR OR PERSONAL RECOGNIZANCE BOND |
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Definition
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Term
CONSTITUTION:
ACT 1
ACT 2
ACT 3 |
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Definition
1)LEGISLATIVE
2)EXECUTIVE
3)JUDICIAL |
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Term
| TRADITIONAL VIEW OF THE LAW |
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Definition
| THIS VIEW IS NOT GOING TO STRAY FROM THE WORD OF THE LAW |
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Term
| SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE LAW |
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Definition
| THIS VIEW CAN HAVE THE JUDGES INTERPRET THE LAW-PREVENTS LOOPHOLES |
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Term
| POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT |
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Definition
1)HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS DETERMINED AND NOT A MATTER OF FREE WILL.
2)CRIMINALS ARE FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT FROM NONCRIMINALS
3) SOCIAL SCIENTISTS CAN BE OBJECTIVE , OR VALUE-NEUTRAL, IN THEIR WORK
4)CRIME IS FREQUENTLY CAUSED BY MULTIPLE FACTORS
5) SOCIETY IS BASED ON CONSENSUS BUT NOT ON A SOCIAL CONTRACT |
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Term
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Definition
| PREVENT UNDESIRED CONDUCT |
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Term
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Definition
| HAVING OFFENDER DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY PAY THE VICTIM |
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Term
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Definition
| 10 COMMANDMENTS. MOSTLY COMMON DAY |
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Term
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Definition
| GOVERNMENT THAT CAN ONLY MAKE WAR. HUNDREDS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS (CITIES, COUNTIES, VILLAGES, TOWNS, ETC). |
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Term
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Definition
| DIVISION OF POWER BETWEEN FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS. FORMED BY US CONSTITUTION |
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Term
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Definition
| PART OF GOVERNMENT THAT CARRIES OUT LAWS |
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Term
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Definition
| PART OF GOVERNMENT THAT MAKES THE LAWS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| PERSON APPEALING DECISION |
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Term
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Definition
| SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE, TRYING TO PROVE ETC. ANALYZE AND GIVE SHORT VERSION OF IMPORTANT PARTS OF A CASE |
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Term
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Definition
| ASKED WHETHER DUE PROCESS RIGHTS WERE VIOLATED BY THIS PERSON |
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Term
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Definition
| ANSWERS QUESTION ADDRESSED BY THE ISSUE |
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Term
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Definition
| HOW THE CASE GOT TO THE SUPREME COURT |
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