crime- is a legalistic cateogory (breaking laws, voluntary illegal act or omission, criminal responsibility

deviance-- is behavior that violates soical norms, rewarded or sanctioned, nothing is inherently deviant

Criminology-- is the study of making laws, breaking of laws, and society's reaction to the breakingof laws

criminal justice-- is that practitioners wanted to understand the social mechanisms for dealing with crime

primary data-- collected by the researcher

secondary data-- obtainted it by governemtn sources, so it had previously been recorded

what is the dark figure of crime?

why is this a concern for criminologist?

the dark figure of crime: the unknown amount of crime, which we cannot represent

two types: the crimes that are not report, and those reported but not recorded 

Race-- it is intra race

Class-- depending on the crime, some is out of class (robbery), intra class (murder)

Gender-- offenders are majority men (varies by age) vicitims tend to be males

age-- property crime (13-17), violent crimes (18-19) victims are going to be intra age

macro- victimization-- very large masses of people as victims of large scale criminal offenses

(terrorism [September 11th], corporate environment, [the Exxon Valdex Disaster, Amazon Rainfort], crimes against humanity [Nazi War Atrocities, The Balkan war, Durfur])

is individual street-crime (harm to small groups of people)

its personal, normally there is just an offender and one victim

involves offenses that originate in one nation, cross one or several national borders, (or oceans) and find victims in still other nations

Humn trafficking, credit card theft

1. the victim made a move the offender thought was offensive

2. the offfender retaliated with a verbal or physical challenge

3. the victim's response typicallly cemented an "agreement" to use violence to settle the situation

4. the victim lays dead or dying after a fight

5. may stay at the scene and call someone, or someone could just leave it

many people thend to try to copy other crimes that occur in the media

media causes: aggressive behavior, less restraint, desensitization (people believe that it's not as bad as it seems, distort reality

media flaws: time (exposure to violence, how long do they last), pre-disposition to violence

How does Akers' soical learning theory expand on Sutherland's differential association theory?

people can learn how to act by watching others and copying the interactions that are rewarded and avoiding those that are punished

antisoical behavior is encouraged why people break the law

What are the two types of families discussed in "Code of the Streets"?

What are the characteristics of each

Descent: try to avoid, cautious with everyday life, have strict parents (monitor their kids), and they have hope for their kids

Street (out in public): to immature to have kids, drug addicts, violence as discipline (inoconstant), strict to street rules, they have no hope for their kids, and do not monitor their kids

What is drift (matza's delinquency and drift theory)?

What would be examples of drift?

Drift-- is the chagne in behaviors and values depending on environment

you act one way at home, and then when you are with your friends you act anohter

conformity: regular person in society (works for money, for family)

innovation: drug dealer (wants money, but can't get a job)

ritualism: someone who does work but not take promotions

retreatism: drug addicts

rebellion: cutlts, gangs, or Amish

not everyone has the same cultural goals

everyone does not respond to strain in the same way and that much is what stresses individuals might not be the actual strain but merely anticipated the strain

not everyone has the same definition of strain 

measuring rod: everyone is supposed to be able to do things at middle class standard

status frustration: failure to mesure within schools

reaction formation: relief is found in delinquent subculture

attachment to conventional persons: parents and school

involvement in conventional institutions-- extra circular activities (sports, church groups)

commitment to conventional lines of acction-- school (do well, get a good job, get rewards), fear of punishment

Belief in conventional values-- does the system work, do you believe the system is fair, do you believe iin working hard cause you will be better off

victim offender mediation, conferencing, circling, restitution, community service, ex-offender assistance, victim assistance

may of these are made so that deviant or criminal people do not have to go to court and kinds are not getting labeled as a criminal, so their lives are not changed or hurt by one little mistake and gives them hope and able to change

amateus-- they do not look for crime but if one shows up they take it, they have other jobs to make money, normally adolescent limited people

professionals-- it is their job, and are extremely skilled, they do not get caught, their common crime is art thief

career criminal-- get caught but keep going, life course persisters, the participate to support a habit (drinking, drugs), and will commit various crimes

Larceny-- (stealing) taking care, leading or riding away of someone else's property

constructive possession-- you have control of something but do not have it (bank account password, credit card members

75% of employees admit to stealing on the job

they steal because: perceived unfairness-- rationalization

joyriding-- for amateurs, it is short-term use, many aren't supposed to be driving, driving recklessly, and then destory the car

Transportation-- for career criminals, long or short term use

commission of a crime-- for professional or career criminals, used for surveillance

theft for profit-- professional or career criminals, used for chop shops, and cloning

car jacking-- is a means to end, a violent crime (use force to get a car, always a weapon invoved)

Condifence games-- street cons

Check fraud-- writing bad checks, foraging and altering checks, using someone else's checks

credit card fraud-- professionals, thieves, riders, and fencers they can either take the actual card or just the number that is on it

income tax fraud-- (most common) tax avoidance, tax evasion

fencing-- buying, selling, or dealing in stolen goods

participants: white male businessmen, connections to criminal justice system

What are the different forms of arson?

What form is the most costly in temrs of dollars? 

What is most costly in terms of lives lost?

Crime concelament-- destroying evidence of a crime

Revenge- has a victim, probably a hate crime

Vandalism-- just want to destroy something

profit-- insurance scams, business profits (cost the most interms of dollars and lives)

myths: school shoots are caused by violent media content, and all shooters have unstable/ dysfunctional families, and that the kids are killing kids

facts: school shootings are caused by serve school bullying, 100?% are males 

romantic triangles (cheating spouse)

property and money

arguments

similarities: have the smae amount of violence just different outcomes, the victims and offenders are connected in some way

differences: how many occur, how often police report the crime, relationships, whether you would know the offender or the offender would be a stranger

Identify and describe the different types of robberies and different types of robbers

What roles does gender play?

armed robbery: has a weapon involved int he action of taking someone's property (males use weapons, women use trickery)

strong armed roberry: there is no weapon instead they trust their strength in taking someone's property

gender roles: (males- choose males because they would be thought of as stronger, do it for partying, drinking and drugs)

(women- would chose men by pretending they were prostitute, women tend to be the look out, women work in teams many times males are involved they use it for partying, drinking, drugs, and somtiesm to provide for their families)

1. victims desire (the victims were asking for it)

2. Fabrication (the victims invent or exaggerate their victimization because they fell gulity)

3. victim masochism (the victim wants to be raped)

4. martial rape (rape cannot occur with in marriage is dying hard)

5. Male rape (low awareness, less reported, probably more prevalent)

In what ways are elder abuse and child abuse simialr?

In what ways are they different?

similar: have caregivers, males/ female victims, dependent, neglect, weaker, doubt someone will believe them

difference: (elderly: normally for financial reasons, can understand waht is going on, do not to embarrasses their family, can be institutional, they actually have rights)

(child: cannot always communicate, may not understand what is going on, they do not have rights)

occupational cirme: commit thru their job and they benefit

corporate crime; commit thru job but company profits

Be able to define and provide examples of the following: Occupational fraud, corportae violence, corporate theft.

Who can be victimized of these types of cirmes?

occupational fraud: lying within your occupation (unnecessary prescriptions, saing all the money was accounted for in a dower)

Corporate violence: is violence against workers, consumers, and the general public

Corporate theft: deceptive advertising, final fraud and price fixing (Jello-- every kid loves jello, SONY all CDs are at the same price)

victims of these crimes: consumers, empolyees, the general public

Embezzlement-- taking money from someone because they are living far beyond their financial means

different types of embezzlers: cashiers, bank tellers, sales clerk, then their is CEO's accountants, loan officers

Difference in embezzlers: social class