Term
| Three steps in the process of inflammation |
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Definition
1) initiation
2) amplification
3) termination |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction of the microcirculation characterized by movement of fluid and leukocytes from the blood into extravascular tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| the mechanisms responsible for the localization and clearance for foreign substances and injured tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| the inflammatory response in which mediators and cellular inflammatory systems are activated |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammatory response after generation on inflammatory agents and elimination of foreign agent. |
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Term
| List three vascular wall changes produced by inflammatory mediators at the site of injury |
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Definition
*loss of endothelial cell integrity
*leakage of fluid and plasma components from the intravascular compartment
*emigration of erythrocytes and leukocytes from the intravascular compartments |
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Term
| Four possible outcomes of the acute inflammatory response |
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Definition
*resolution
*absces
*scar
*persistent (chronic) inflammation (leads to fibrosis and scar formation) |
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Term
| hallmarks of acute inflammatory response |
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Definition
*accumulation of fluid and plasma components in the affected tissue
*intravascular stimulation of platelets
*presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes |
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Term
| hallmarks of chronic inflammation |
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Definition
*lymphocytes
*plasma cells
*macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| source of injury eliminated, inflammatory response resolves, and noraml tissue architecture and physiologic function are restored |
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Term
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Definition
| formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue as a reparative or reactive process, as opposed to formation of fibrous tissue as a normal constituent of an organ or tissue. |
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Term
| Distinguish between inflammatory and noninflammatory edema |
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Definition
*inflammatory- reponse to tissue injury and consequent changes in vasculature
*noninflammatory- fluid in extracellular space exceeds its clearance by the lymphatics |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in extravascular fluid |
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Term
| Tell how the microvasculature is altered by vasoactive mediators in early response to tissue injury, causing edema |
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Definition
*transient vasoconstriction of the arterioles at the site of injury
*vasodilation of precapillary arterioles increases the blood flow to the injured tissue (causes redness and warmth)
*increase in the permeability of the endothelial cell barrier resulting in leakage of fluid from intravascular into extravascular space |
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Term
| Eight types of extravascular accumulation in response to cellular injury |
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Definition
*effusion
*transudate
*exudate
*serous
*serosanguinous
*fibrinous
*purulent
*suppurative |
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Term
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Definition
| excess fluid in the cavities of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| edema fluid with a loss of protein content |
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Term
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Definition
| edema fluid with a high protein content |
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Term
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Definition
| effusion/exudate with absence of cellular response components |
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Term
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Definition
| effusion/exudate with erythrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| exudate with large amounts of fibrin from activation of the coagulation system |
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Term
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Definition
| effusion/exudate with prominent cellular components |
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Term
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Definition
| purulent exudate is accompanied by significant liquefactive necrosis (pus) |
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Term
| Six cell types which are potenet sources of vasoactive mediators |
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Definition
*platelets
*tissue mast cells
*basophils
*polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
*endothelial cells
*monocyte/macrophage |
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Term
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Definition
| cellular components that influence responses of the microvasculature to injury |
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Term
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Definition
| a peripherial blood component arising from bone marrow that plays a primary role in the initiation and regulation of clot formation |
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Term
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Definition
| cell within connective tissue containing receptors for IgE; when stimulated by an antigen, a variety of inflammatory mediators are secreted into extracellular tissues |
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Term
| Describe the end result of complement pathway activation |
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Definition
*formation of a membrane attack complex capable of inducing cell lysis
*generation of the biologically active anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of 20 plasma proteins that are a source of vasoactive mediators and play an important role in host defense against bacterial infection |
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Term
| Second Phase of Cellular Recruitment of the Acute Inflammatory Response |
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Definition
| the accumulation of leukocytes, especially PMNs at the site of tissue injury |
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Term
| Four physiologic responses of circulating leukocytes exposed to chemotactic factors |
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Definition
*margination
*adherence
*emigration
*chemotaxis |
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Term
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Definition
| slowing of blood flow in response to vasodilation in injured tissues, leukocytes concentrate adjacent to endothelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammatory cells attach to endothelial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| neutrophils emigrage, then macrophages later in acute inflammation. follows a chemical gradient to the chemotactic stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| binding of chemotactic agents to specific receptors on the cell membrane of leukocytes which leads to subsequent phagocytosis |
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Term
| Three events involved in the process of phagocytosis |
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Definition
*recognition of immunoglobulin molecules by the binding of opsonized particles to specific receptors on phagocytic cells
*internalization of opsonized particle
*digestion of foreign material |
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Term
| Tell how chronic inflammation might occur, and the purpose it serves |
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Definition
| occurs as a sequel to acute inflammation (nonimmunologic), or in an immune response to a foreign antigen. serves primarily to contain and remove a pathologic agent or process within a tissue. |
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Term
| Cellular components of chronic response |
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Definition
*macrophage
*plasma cell
*lymphocyte
*eosinophil |
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Term
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Definition
| a pivotal cell in regulating the reactions that lead to chronic inflammation; a source of both inflammatory and immunologic mediators |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphoid cells that are the primary source of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses |
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Term
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Definition
| cells often involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infestations |
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Term
| Describe how a granuloma is formed |
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Definition
*fever
*leukocytosis
*decreased appetite
*altered sleep pattern
*changes in plasma levels of actue phase proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| products of complement activation which have potent effects of smooth muscle contraction and vascular permeability |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a specific molecule binds to the surface of bacterium |
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Term
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Definition
| group of low molecular weight chemotactic proteins secreted by cells at site of inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| group of low molecular weight chemotactic proteins secreted by cells at site of inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| process of recognizing, internalizing, and digesting foreign material or debris of injured cells |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes involved in the intracellular degredation of phagocytosed material |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormally small presence of circulating PMNs in the peripheral blood |
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Term
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Definition
| macrophages that have undergone characteristic changes in response to chronic inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in numbers of circulating leukocytes commonly accompanying acute inflammation |
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