Term
|
Definition
| Long carbon chains with a carboxyl group at the end. |
|
|
Term
| How do you make a triglyceride/triacylglycerol, and using what process? |
|
Definition
| By adding three fatty acids to glycerol using dehydration synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| What is a glycerol the backbone for? |
|
Definition
| Triglycerides and phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| What does saturated mean, and what is a saturated substance's main characteristic? |
|
Definition
| It has as many bonded hydrogens as possible. It makes it relatively flat. |
|
|
Term
| What does unsaturated mean, and what is its structure? |
|
Definition
| When in a carbon chain one carbon is double bonded to another carbon rather than single bonded to a hydrogen. It bends the molecule. |
|
|
Term
| What is a triglyceride's purpose? |
|
Definition
| Long term energy storage. |
|
|
Term
| Which are saturated, fats or oils? Why are their structures different? |
|
Definition
| Fats are saturated, oils are unsaturated. Fats are solid at room temp because saturated fats stack neatly. Oils are liquid because unsaturated fats bend, which prevents stacking. |
|
|
Term
| How is a phospholipid hydrophilic and hydrophobic? |
|
Definition
| It has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. |
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of a phospholipid? |
|
Definition
| A phosphate group attached to a glycerol. |
|
|
Term
| What is a glycerol? How do you bond it to a fatty acid? |
|
Definition
| An alcohol with three carbons, each bearing a hydroxyl group.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ring-shaped group of phospholipids--heads on the outside forming the ring with the tails on the inside. |
|
|
Term
| What is a phospholipid bilayer? |
|
Definition
| A double layer of phospholipids. The heads face outwards and the tails are protected inside. |
|
|
Term
| What is a sterol? Why are they grouped together? |
|
Definition
A hydrophobic ring structure. Grouped because they're hydrophobic, though they are hydrophilic enough to dissolve things (barely).
ex. Cholesterol, testosterone. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of a sterol? |
|
Definition
| To stabilize membranes, signal moleculres (hormones), some represent some vitamins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some pigment makesr in plants. Vitamin A. |
|
|
Term
| Who coined the term cellulae and why? |
|
Definition
| Robert Hooke because in cork tissue, it looked like it was divided into rooms. |
|
|
Term
| Who thought everything was made up of tiny invisible units--cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who coined the 3 tenants of modern cell theory? |
|
Definition
| Theodore Schwann and Rudolf Virchow. |
|
|
Term
| What is the 1st foundation/tenant of the modern cell theory? |
|
Definition
| All living organisms consist of one or more cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is the second foundation/tenant of the modern cell theory? |
|
Definition
| The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms. |
|
|
Term
| What is the third foundation/tenant for the moder cell theory? |
|
Definition
| All cells arise from preexisting cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| So they have a larger surface to volume ratio. |
|
|
Term
| What type of cell does antibacterial medicine target and why? |
|
Definition
| Prokaryotes so that they don't kill our own human cells as well. |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of a prokaryote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In prokaryotes, what are pili and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| Thin, hairlike extensions of the cytoplasm/cell membrane. They can attach to tissue and also exchange genetic material. |
|
|
Term
| What is different about the organelles of a eukaryote compared to a prokaryote? |
|
Definition
| It has membrane-bound organelles. They compartmentalize and specialize what each has to do. |
|
|
Term
| What does the nucleus do? |
|
Definition
| Contains the hereditary material, encodes material, and directs the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What is the nucleolus and where is it? |
|
Definition
| Site for the assembly of ribosomes. In the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the nucleoplasm and where is it? |
|
Definition
| Inside the nucleus, it is an area that is a solution with DNA dissolved in it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA and proteins dissolved in the nucleoplasm. |
|
|
Term
| What is the nuclear envelope and where is it? |
|
Definition
| Two membranes (inner and outer) around the nucleus. Two phospholipid bilayers. |
|
|
Term
| What are nuclear pores and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| Holes in the nuclear envelope. Allow large molecules to get in and out of the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the only membrane in a cell that can disintegrate and reassemble on command? |
|
Definition
| The nuclear envelope. (Meiosis, mitosis.) |
|
|
Term
| What is the simplified way a protein is made? |
|
Definition
| DNA ---> RNA ---> Protein |
|
|
Term
| What is the central dogma of molecular biology? |
|
Definition
| DNA ---> RNA ---> Protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins destined for organelles outside the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What are the destinations of proteins? |
|
Definition
| Organelles outside the cell. To the cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? |
|
Definition
| Site of protein production to be secreted or transported to other cells. |
|
|
Term
| What makes the rough ER rough? What is the purpose? |
|
Definition
| Ribosomes stud it. They make proteins so they can be secreted into the lumen of the rough ER. |
|
|
Term
| What is continuous with the nuclear envelope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are attached to the outside of the nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do proteins fold into the correct shape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a transport vesicle do? What is it made of? |
|
Definition
| Transport proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. It's a pinched off sack from the ER. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It's a stack of membranes that processes proteins. Things that can be added: phosphate group, sugars, etc. Once completely processed, bud off as vesicles and go to destination. |
|
|
Term
| What face do proteins enter the Golgi on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What face do the proteins leave the Golgi from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are proteins released from the cell? |
|
Definition
| Transport vesicle fuses with plasma membrance, proteins dumped out. |
|
|
Term
| What does the smooth ER do? |
|
Definition
| Replaces what the rough ER loses due to vesicles. |
|
|
Term
| What are the specialized vesicles? |
|
Definition
| Lysosomes. Vacuoles. Transport vesicle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They contain digestive enzymes to help with phagocytosis. |
|
|
Term
| What is a vacuole's purpose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is phagocytosis? Autophagy? (Process.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is phagocytosis? (Define.) |
|
Definition
| Cell eating. Absorbs what needs from process, waste dumped out of cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lysosome breaks down a damaged organelle. |
|
|
Term
| What two organelles process energy? |
|
Definition
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Take certain carbon (organic) compounds, break them down, and turn them into useable energy. |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of a mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| Inner membrane (has folds). Outer membrane. Matrix--inner compartment. Intermembrane space. Cristae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The folds of the inner membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What does a chloroplast do? |
|
Definition
| photosynthesis. Energy processing rxn. |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of a chloroplast? |
|
Definition
| Inner and outer membrances. Intermembrance space. Thylakoid membrance. Stroma. Inside thylakoid, thylakoid space. |
|
|
Term
| What is the endosymbiont theory? |
|
Definition
| Chloroplasts and mitochondria were one freeliving systems. At some point, one pre-eukaryotic cell invaded another and they started living together. |
|
|
Term
| Why does the endosymbiont theory make sense? |
|
Definition
1. Lots of bacteria produce energy like mitochondria and also photosynthesis.
2. Chloroplasts and mitochondira contain their own DNA.
3. Their DNA is circular, just like bacterial DNA.
4. Ribosomes in them are similar in size to bacterial ribosomes in humans. |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of a ribosome? |
|
Definition
| No membrane. Big. Made of macromolecs. Contain proteins and RNA molecs. Composed of two parts when visible: large subunit and small subunit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do ribosomes know where to be? |
|
Definition
| They are told by the proteins they are producing. |
|
|
Term
| What is a signal sequence? |
|
Definition
| An amino acid at the beginning of the protein that tells the ribosome where to go. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cytoskeleton made up of? |
|
Definition
Protein fibers.
Three categories of cytoskeletal fibers/elements: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actin. Act to stabilize cell structure. Tend to be involved in contraction of cells. Movement, expell things, dividing, all use contraction. |
|
|
Term
| What are intermediate filaments? |
|
Definition
| Stabilize cell structure, relative strong and nonelastic, forms strong connection, resists tension. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form fairly rigid skeleton. Establish cell shape. Railroad tracks for vesicles ex from ER to Golgi. Motor. Cell motility--ability of cell to move in environment. Form basis for flagella and cilia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attach to microtubules and walk down them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tend to be long, whiplike. Whip back and forth to propel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short, extension of cytoplasm. Appearance of tiny hairs. Tend to coat surface of cell. Beat in one direction--movement, recovery. Ex, trachea. |
|
|
Term
| What can and can't get through a membrane? |
|
Definition
Can: Uncharged, small molecules
Can't: Charged and/or large things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins embedded in membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated with proteins in the membrane but not embedded themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Passes all the way through the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of integral proteins? |
|
Definition
1. Transport
2. Attachment
3. Communication
Enzymatic activity and cell-cell recognition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How cells communicate with each other |
|
|
Term
| What do polysaccharides do for the cell membrane? What is their position? |
|
Definition
| Sugar ring structures, liked into chains. Communication. Point out inti extra-cellular environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Identifying markers on cells |
|
|
Term
| Lateral phospholipid movement |
|
Definition
| Movement of phospholipids along one layer |
|
|
Term
| Rotational phospholipid movement |
|
Definition
| Phospholipids spin around in place |
|
|
Term
| Flip flopping of phospholipids |
|
Definition
| Phospholipid flips from one layer to the other (rare) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme produced by smooth ER that flips phospholipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stabilize membrane. Protect from changes in temperature.
Cholesterol in mammals. |
|
|
