Term
|
Definition
| long molecule conssiting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small molecules that are the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monomers are connected by a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule. Specifically, it is a DEHYDRATION REACTION because a water molecule is lost. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (polymers are disassembled to monomers in this way) a process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction. Means to break with water. Bonds between monomers are broken by the addition of water molecules. (ex. digestion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include both sugars and their polymers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the simplest carbohyrates, single/simple sugars. Generally have molecular formula that are multiples of CH2O. Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of two monosaccharides joined by a GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE (a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction). |
|
|
Term
| What does 2 glucose units form when they are bonded? |
|
Definition
| The glycosidic link joins the #1 carbon of one glucose to the #4 carbon of the second glucose...this is the dehydration synthesis of MALTOSE. |
|
|
Term
| What does glucose and fructose form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. Some polysac. serve as storage material and other serve as building material for structures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a storage polysac. of plants, it is a polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers. (AMYLOSE=unbranched; AMYLOPECTIN=branched) joined by 1-4 linkages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the storage polyac. of animals, a polymer of glucose that is similar to amylopectin, but MORE extensively branced. Humans and vertebrates store glycogen in liver and muscle cells. Hydrolysis of glycogen in these cells releases glucose when the demand for sugar increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| STRUCTURAL polysac. that is a major component of the tough walls taht enclose plant cells.(never branched) |
|
|
Term
| alpha and beta forms for glucose |
|
Definition
| alpha: when hydroxyl group attached to the #1 carbon is BELOW the ring. Beta: when the hydroxyl is ABOVE the ring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (structural polysac.) used by anthropods to build exoskeletons. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four major classes of organic compounds in cells? |
|
Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Some of these compounds are very large and are called MACROMOLECULES. Most macro. are polymers. |
|
|
Term
| how does LIPID differ from the other biological molecules? |
|
Definition
| it does not include polymers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compounds that are grouped together because they have LITTLE or NO AFFINITY for water (hydrophobic). Important families of lipids include fats, phospholipids, and steroids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Although fats are not polymers, they are made by dehydration reactions. It is constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an alcohol wiht three carbons, each bearing a hydroxyl group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include a long carbon skeleton , usually 16 or 18 carbon atoms in length. At one end is a carboxyl group (i.e. acid). Attached to the carboxyl is a long hydrocarbon chain. It is these nonpolar hydrocarbon chains that make fats hydrophobic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of three fatty acids ("tails") linked to one glycerol molecule ("head"). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three fatty acids each join to glycerol by an ESTER LINKAGE, a bond between a hydroxyl grp and a carboxyl grp. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at room temp., the molecules of a saturated fat are PACKED closely together, forming a SOLID. (there are no double bonds between carbon atoms) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (has one or more double bonds) formd by the removal of hydrogen atoms from the carbon skeleton. It will have a kink in its talil wherever a double bond occurs. At room temp., the molecules CANNOT pack together closely enough to solidify becuase of the kinks. |
|
|
Term
| Are animal fats saturated or unsaturated? And plants? |
|
Definition
| animals=saturated ex. lard and butter. Plant and fish fats are oils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to fats, but they have only TWO fatty acid tails rather than 3. The 3rd hydroxyl grp of glycerol is joined to a phosphate grp.(- charge). Tails=hydrophobic because of hydrocarbons. Phosphate gpr form a hydroPHILIC head. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (a steroid) a common component of animal cell membranes and is also the molecule from which other steroids (include sex hormones) are synthsized. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of one ore more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations. Proteins are all polymers made up of a same set of 20 amino acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. |
|
|
Term
| Physical and chemical properties of R (side chains) of amino acids. |
|
Definition
| Amino acids with nonpolar side chains are hydrophobic. Polar is hydrophilic. |
|
|
Term
| Acidic and Basic amino acids |
|
Definition
| Acidic amino acids are those with side chains that are (-charge) becuase of a carboxyl grp, which is usually dissociated (IONIZED) at a cellular pH. Basic amino acids have amino grps in their side chain that is (+charge) Both acid and basic side chains are hydroPHILIC because they are charged. |
|
|
Term
| N-terminus and C-terminus |
|
Definition
| N=amino end...C=carboxyl end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protein's unique sequence of amino acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the coiled or folded polypetide chain in patterns that contribute to the protein's overall conformation. These folds and coils are the result of hydrogen bonds at regular intervals along hte polypeptide backbone. |
|
|
Term
| Secondary structure (continued)...ALPHA helix...BETA pleated sheet |
|
Definition
| Only the atoms of the backbone are involved,not the amino acid side chains. Nitrogen and oxygen atoms are hydrogen bonded to a nearby peptide bond. The ALPHA helix is a coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every 4th amino acid. The BETA pleated sheet is when 2 or more regions of the polypeptide chain lie parallel to each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of irregular contortions from interactions between side chains (R grps) of the various amino acids. |
|
|
Term
| Tertiary structure (continued) HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION, DISULFIDE BRIDGES |
|
Definition
| Hydrophobic side chains usually end up in the interior of a protein, away from water. Along with this clustering of hydrophobic gropus, misleadingly called hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and van der Waals interactions are all weak interactions (weak bonds) between side chains that hold the protein in a specific conformation. HOWEVER, MUCH STRONGER, are the disulfide bridges, covalent bonds between the side chains of 2 cysteine amino acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The overall structure that results from the aggregation (2 or more) of these polypeptide subunit to form a functional protein. |
|
|
Term
| What determines protein conformation? |
|
Definition
| Depends on the physical and chemical conditions of the protein's environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If the pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other aspects of its envrionment are altered, the protein may unravel and lose its native conformation. |
|
|
Term
| Chaperonins (chaperone proteins) |
|
Definition
| protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by this unit of inheritance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes consist of DNA, which is a polymer belonging to this class of compounds.-->Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information |
|
|
Term
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
|
Definition
| (type of nucleic acid) Provides directions for its own replication. Also directs RNA synthesis, and through RNA, controls protein synthesis. DNA is the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents. |
|
|
Term
| Flow of genetic information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers. It is composed of : an organic molecule called a nitrogenous base, a pentose (5-carbon sugar), and a phosphate group. |
|
|
Term
| The 2 families of nitrogenous bases: PYRIMIDINES, and PURINES |
|
Definition
| A PYRIMINIDINE has a 6-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Members of this family are cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)...PURINES are larger , with the 6-member ring fused to a 5-membered ring. Include adenine (A) and guanine (G).***THYMINE is found only in DNA, and URACIL is found only in RNA*** the others are found in BOTH. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pentose connected to the nitrogenous base is RIBOSE in the nucleotides of RNA and DEOXYRIBOSE(it lacks and oxygen atom on its #2 carbon) in DNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A nucleic acid polymer; nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds called PHOSPHODIESTER LINKAGES between teh phosphate of 1 nucleotide and the sugar of the next. |
|
|
Term
| Base pairing in the double helix |
|
Definition
| Adenine(A)-with-Thymine(T); and Guanine(G)-with-Cytosine(C). The 2 strands of the double helix are COMPLEMENTARY, each predicts its counterpart. Each of the 2 stands of DNA serves as a template...results in 2 identical copies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The linear sequences of nucleotides in DNA molecules are passes from parents to offspring, and these DNA sequences determine the amino acid sequences of proteins. |
|
|
