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Definition
| objective that a business hopes and plans to archieve |
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| broad set of organizational plans for implrementing the decisions made for acheiving oranizational goals |
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| strategy for determining the firm's overall attitude toward growth and the way it will manage its businesses or products lines |
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| business (or competitive) strtegy |
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Definition
| strategy, at the business-unit or product-line level, focusing on a girm's competitive position |
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| strategy by which managers in specific areas decide how best to achieve corporate foals though productivity |
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| provide direction and guidance for all managers, help to allocate resources, help to define corporate culture, helps managers to assess perfomance |
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| org's statement of how it will achieve it's purpose in the environment in which it conducts its business |
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| goal set for 5 or more years |
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| less than one year completion |
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| creation of a broad program for defining and meeting an org's goals |
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| long term goal derived directly from the firm's mission statement |
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| ID and analysis of organizational strengths and weaknesses and environmental opportunities and threats as part of strategy formulation |
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| process of scanning the business environment for threats and opportunities |
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| process of analyzing a firm's strengths and weaknesses |
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| plan reflecting decisions about resource allocations, company priorities, ans teps needed to meet strategic goals |
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| generally short-range plan concerned with implementing specific aspects of a company's strategic plans |
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| plan setting short term gartes for daily, weekly or monthly perfomance |
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| identifying aspects of business or its environment that might entail changes in strategy |
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| organization's methods for dealing with emergencies |
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| process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling an organizations recources to achieve its goals |
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| management process of determining what an organization needs to do and how best to get it done |
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| management process of determining how best to arrange an organizations' resources and activities into a coherent structure |
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| management process of guiding and motivating employees to meet an organizations objectives |
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Definition
| management process of monitoringan organization's performance to ensure that it is meeting its goals |
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| manager responsible to the board of directors and stockholders for a firm's overall performance and effectiveness |
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| manager responsible for implementing the strageties, policies and decisions made by top managers |
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| manager responsible for supervising the work of employees |
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| skills needed to perform specialized tasks |
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| skills in understanding and getting along with people |
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| abilities to think in the abstract, diagnose and analyze different situations, and see beyond the present situation |
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| skills in defining problems selecting the best courses of action |
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| skills associated with the productive use of time |
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| technical, human relations, conceptual, deicision making and time management |
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| shared experiences, stories, beliefs, and norsm that characterize an org. |
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| specification of the jobs to be done within an org. and the ways in which they relate to one another |
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| diagram depicting a company's structure and showing employees where they fit into its operations |
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| reporting relationships within a company |
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| process of identifying the specific jobs that need to be done and designating the people who will perform them |
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| process of grouping jobs into logical units |
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| separate company unit responsible for its own costs and profits |
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Term
| customer departmentalization |
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Definition
| departmentalization according to types of cutomers likely to buy a given product |
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| product departmentalization |
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Definition
| according to specific products being created |
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| process departmentalization |
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Definition
| according to production processes used to creat a good or service |
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| geographic departmentalization |
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Definition
| according to areas served by a business |
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| types of departmentalization |
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Definition
| customer, product, process, geographic and functional |
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| functional departmentalization |
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Definition
| according to groups' functions or activities |
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| duty to perform an assigned task |
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| power to make the decisions necessary to complete a task |
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| assignment of a task, responsibility, or authority by a manager to a subordinate |
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| liability of subordinates for accomplishing tasks assigned by managers |
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| org. in which most decision-making authroity is held by upper level management |
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| decentralized organization |
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Definition
| org in which a great deal of decision making authroity is delegated to levels of management at points below the top |
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| flat organizational structure |
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Definition
| characteristic of decentralized companies with relatively few layers of management and relatively wide spans of control |
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| tall organizational structure |
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Definition
| characteristic of centralized companies with multiple layers of management and relatively narrow spans of control |
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Definition
| number of people supervised by one manager |
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| organizational structure in which authroity flows in a direct chain of command from the top of the company to the bottom |
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| department directily linked to the production and sales of a specific product |
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Definition
| authroity based on expertise that usually involves advising line managers |
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Definition
| advisers and counselors who aid line departments in making decisions but do not have the authority to amke final decisions |
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| committee and team authority |
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Definition
| authority granted to committees or work teams inolved in a firm's daily operations |
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Definition
| form of business organization in which authroity is determined by the relationships between group functions and activities |
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| org sturcture in which corporate divisions operate as autonomous businesses under the larger corporate umbrella |
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| basic forms of organizational structure |
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Definition
| functional organization, divisional, matrix and international |
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Definition
| organizational structure in which teams are formed and team members report to two or more managers |
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| department that resembles a separate business in prodcuing and marketing its own products |
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| international organizational structures |
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Definition
| approaches to organizational structures developed in response to the need to manufacture, purchase, and sell in global markets |
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Definition
| network, unrelated to the firm's formal authority structure, of everyday social interactions among company employees |
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Definition
| process of creating and maintaining the innovation and flexibility of a small-business environment within the confines of a large organization |
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| activities producing intangible and tangible products, such as entertainment, trnsportation and education |
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| activities producing tangible products, such as radios, newspapers, buses and textbooks |
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Definition
| a product's ability to satisfy a human want |
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Term
| operations (production) management |
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Definition
| systematic direction and control of the processes that transform resources into finished products that create value and provide benefits to customers |
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Term
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Definition
| SET OF METHODS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF A GOOD OR SERVIOUS |
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| operations (production) managers |
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| mangers responsible for production, inventory, and quality control |
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| set of methods used in the production of a good or service |
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| production process in which resources are broken down into components to create finished products |
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| production process in which resources are combined to create finished products |
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Definition
| level of customer contact in which the costomer is part of the system during service deliver (public transportation) |
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Definition
| level of customer contact in which the customer need not be a part of the system to receive the service (check processing) |
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| focus on service characteristics |
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Definition
| intangibility, customization and unstorability |
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Term
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Definition
amount of a product that a company can produce under normal working conditions.
goods production: capacity should slightly exceed normal demand
low contact processing: capacity at average demand
high contact processing: capacity at peak demand |
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Definition
| capacity planning, location, layout, quality, methods |
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Definition
| spacial arrangement of production activities that groups equipment and people according to function. productive, nonproduction and support facilities. |
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Definition
| spatial arrangement of production facilities designed to move families of products through similar flow paths |
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Definition
| spacial arrangement of production activities designed to move resources through a smooth, fixed sequence of steps |
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| product layout in which a product moves step by step through a plant or conveyor belt or other equipment until it is completed |
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| master production schedule |
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Definition
| schedule showing which products will be produced, when production will take place, and what resources will be used |
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Definition
| production schedule diagramming the steps in a project and specifying the time required for each |
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| production schedule specifying the sequence and critical path for performing the steps in a project |
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Definition
| process of monitoring production performance by comparing results with plans |
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Definition
| production control activity for ensureing that production decisions are being implemented |
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Definition
| planning organizinga nd controlling the flow of materials from the design through distirbution of finished goods |
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| use of standard and uniform components in the production process |
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Definition
| acquisition of the raw materials and services taht a firm needs to produce its products |
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Definition
| process of finding and selecting suppliers from whom to buy |
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| major areas of materials management |
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Definition
| transporation, warehousing, purchasing, supplier selection and inventory control |
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Definition
| prodcution system designed for smooth production flow that avoid inefficiencies, eliminate unnecessary inventories and continuously improve production processes |
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Definition
| method that brings together all materials and parts needed at each production stage at the precise moment they are required |
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| material requirements planning (MRP) |
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Definition
| production method in which a bill of materials is used to ensure that the right amounts of materials are delivered to the right place at the right time |
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Definition
| production control tool that specifies the necessary ingredients of a product, the order in which they should be combined, and how many of each are needed to make one batch |
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Definition
| management of the production process designed to manufacture goods or supply services that meet specific quality standards |
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| total quality management (TQM) or quality assurance |
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Definition
| the sum of all the activities involved in getting high quality products into the marketplace |
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| the performance features offered by the product (flavor/aroma of chocolate) |
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| consistency of a product's quality from unit to unit |
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Definition
| principle of total quality management that holds that quality belongs to each person who creates it while performing a job |
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| competitive product analysis |
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Definition
| process by which a company analyzes a competitor's products to identify desirable improvements |
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| statistical process control (SPC) |
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Definition
| methods for gathering date to analyse variations in production activities to see when adjustments are needed |
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| process control method that plots test sample results on a diagram to determine when a process is begining to depart from normal operating conditions |
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| method of improving quality by identifying current coast and areas with the greatest cost-saving potential |
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| reducible costs incurred during production and before bad products leave a plant |
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| reducible costs incurred after defective prodcuts have left the plant |
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| program certifying that a factory, laboratory, or office has met the quality management standards of the international organization for standardization. |
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| business process reengineering |
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Definition
| redesigning of business processes to improve quality, performance, and customer service |
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Definition
| flow of information, materials, and sevices that starts with raw materials suppliers and continues through other stages in the operations process until the product reaches the market |
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| supply chain management (SCM) |
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Definition
| principle of looking at the supply chain as a whole in order to improve the overall flow through the system. |
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| human resource management |
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Definition
| set of organizational activities directed at attracting, developing, and maintaining an effective workforce |
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Definition
| systematic analysis of jobs within an organization |
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| outline of the duties of a job, working conditions, and the tools materials and equipment used to perform it |
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Definition
| description of the skills, abilities, and other credentials required by a job |
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| list of each management position, who occupies it, how long that person will likely stay in the job and who is qualified as a replacement |
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| employee information system (skills inventory) |
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| computerized system containing information on each employee's education, skills, work experiences and career aspirations |
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Definition
| process of attracting qualified persons to apply for jobs an organization is seeking to fill |
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| considering present employees as candidates for openings |
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| attracting persons outside the organization to apply for jobs |
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| process of determining the predictive value of a selection technique |
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| training, sometimes informal, conducted while an emplyee is at work |
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| training conducted in a controlled environment away from the work site |
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| off the job training conducted in a simulated environment |
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| evaluation of an employee's job perfomance in order to determine the degree to which the emplyee is performing effectively |
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Definition
| set of rewards that organizations provide to individuals in return for their willingness to perform various jobs and tasks within the organization |
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| compensation in the form of money paid for the time worked |
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| compensation in the form of money paid for discharging the responsiblities of a job |
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| special compensation program designed to motivate high performance |
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| individual performance incentive in the form of a special payment made over and above the employee's salary |
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| individual incentive linking compensation to performance in nonsales jobs |
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| pay for performance (or variable pay) |
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| individual incentive that rewards a manager for especially productive output |
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Definition
| incentive plan for distributing bonuses to employeeswhen company profits rise above a certain level |
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| incentive plan to encourage employees to learn new skills or become proficient at different jobs |
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| compensation other than wages and salaries |
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| workers' compensation insurance |
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| legally required insurance for compensating workers injured on the job |
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Definition
| benefit plan that sets liits on benefits per employee, each of whom may choose from a variety of alternative benefits |
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| equal employment opportunity |
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Definition
| legally mandated nondiscrimination in employment on the basis of race, creed, sex or national origin |
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Definition
| set of individuals who by nature of one or more common characteristics are protected under the law from discrimination on the basis of that characteristic |
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| equal employment opportunity commision (EEOC) |
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| federal agency enfocing several discrimination-related laws |
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Definition
| practice of recruiting qualified employees belonging to racial, gender, or ethnic groups who are underrepresented in an organization |
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| occupational safety and health act of 1970 (OSHA) |
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Definition
| federal law setting and enforcing guidelines for protecting workers from unsafe conditions and potential health hazards in the workplace |
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Definition
| practice or instance of making unwelcome sexual advances in the workplace |
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Definition
| form of sexual harrasment in which sexual favors are requested in return for job-related benefits |
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| form of sexual harassment deriving from off-color jokes, lewd comments, and so forth |
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Definition
| principle, increasingly modified by legislation and judicial decision, that organizations should be able to retain or dismiss employees at thier discretion |
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Definition
| range of worker's attitudes, values and behaviors that differe by gender, race and ethnicity |
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| employees who are of value because of knowledge they possess |
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Definition
| employee hired on something other than a full-time basis to supplement an orgaization's permanent workforce |
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Definition
| group of individuals working together to achieve shared job-related goals, such as higher pay, shorter working hours, more job security, greater benefits, or better working conditions |
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Definition
| process of dealing with employees who are represented by a union |
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Definition
| process by which labor and management negotiate conditions of employment for union-represented workers |
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| cost of living adjustment (COLA) |
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Definition
| labor contract clause tying future raises to changes in consumer purchasing power. related to consumer price indes (CPI) |
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Definition
| clause allowing wage rates to be renegotiated during the life of a labor contract |
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Definition
| labor action in which employees temporarily walk off the job and refuse to work |
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Definition
| strike usually triggered by stalemate over one or more mandatory bargaining items |
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| sympathy strike (or secondary strike) |
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Definition
| strike in which one union strikes to support action initiated by another |
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| strike that is unathorized by the strikers' union |
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| labor action in which workers publicise thier grievances at the entrance to an employer's facility |
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| labor action in which workers refuse to buy the products of a targeted employer |
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| labor action in which workers performa jobs at a slower than normal pace |
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| management tactic whereby workers are denied access to the employer's workplace |
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| worker hired as permanent or temporary replacement for a striking employee |
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Definition
| method of resolving a labor dispute in which both parties agree to submit to the judgement of a newtral party |
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