Term
| physiological explanations |
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Definition
| relate behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs |
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Definition
| relate behavior to the development of the animal |
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| evolutionary explanations |
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Definition
| relate behavior to the evolutionary history of the animal |
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Definition
| describe why a behavior evolved as it did |
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Definition
| main signaling units of the nervous system. receive info and transfer it to other cells. apprx. 85 billion in the CNS. |
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Definition
| provide structural and functional support for neurons. do not transport information over long distances |
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Definition
| lipid bilayer sandwich of phospholipids with protein molecules inserted |
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Definition
| membrane enclosed structure that contains chromosomes possessing genes made of DNA |
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Definition
| responsible for aerobic energy metabolism. performs a variety of metabolic activities |
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Definition
| site of protein synthesis. many attach to endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| a network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to the other locations in the cell |
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Definition
| a portion of deoxyribonucleic acid, of which chromosomes are composed that that codes for a specific protein. |
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Definition
| a person has identical pair of genes on the two chromosomes |
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Definition
| person has an unmatched pair of genes on the two chromosomes |
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Definition
| shows strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition |
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Term
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Definition
| shows its effect only in the homozygous conditon |
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Definition
| all genes except sex linked genes |
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Definition
| genes located on the sex chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a new combination of genes in the offspring that yield characteristics not found in either parent |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in a single gene that is rare, random and often independent of the needs of the organism |
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Definition
| information receiving branches that extend from the soma |
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Term
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Definition
| represent small outgrowths in dendrites that increase their surface area |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell body. integrates electrical signals generated by neurotransmitters released by axon terminals forming synapses on it as well as on the dendrites. responsible for protein synthesis and the major housekeeping and metabolic functions of the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| conducts information to its target. |
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Term
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Definition
| these are star shaped cells found in the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
-take up some chemical transmitters at the synapse.
-Regulation of extracellular ion concentrations
-Helps control blood flow to the brain areas
-provide glucose to neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| the branches from these produce myelin that can insulate a small segment of an axon. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| breaks in the insulation in between the myelin segments |
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Term
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Definition
| wraps myelin around one segment of a single axon in the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| helps to guide the migration of neurons and the growth of their processes |
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Term
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Definition
| small phagocytic cells generated in response to injury, infection or disease |
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Term
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Definition
| certain areas of the brain called the ___ have a weak or absent blood brain barrier and serve to monitor chemical substances in the circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| particles will move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| let some particles pass through while obstructing others based on their physical properties |
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Term
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Definition
| are electrically charged atoms or molecules |
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Term
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Definition
positively charged ions
(ex. Na+, K+) |
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Term
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Definition
negatively charged ions
(ex. CI-) |
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Term
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Definition
| like charges repel, opposite charges attract |
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Term
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Definition
| passive channels that are unaffected by voltage |
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Term
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Definition
| whether these are open or closed depends on the membrane potential. only found on the axon membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| whether these are open or closed depends on a specific molecule binding with a receptor site on the protein channel. these are important in the chemical transmission across the synapse |
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Term
| phosphorylation-gated channels |
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Definition
whether these are open or closed depends on phosphate group binding to the intracellular portion of a membrane protein ion channel
-special case of ligand gated channels |
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Term
| where does the action potential begin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| brief reversal of the polarity of the potential across a small portion of the axon membrane |
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Term
| graded depolarizing potential |
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Definition
| occurs in response to stimulation. called this because its magnitude is related to the degree of stimulation |
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Term
| absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| starts once the action potential begins and lasts as long as the sodium channels are firmly closed. the membrane absolutely cannot produce an action potential regardless of the stimulus intensity. lasts about 1 ms |
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Term
| relative refractory period |
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Definition
| after the absolute refractory period, K+ is still leaving the cell and eventually the cell is hyperpolarized making it more difficult to stimulate. however a strong enough stimulus can produce an action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| propagation in myelinated axons |
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Term
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Definition
| demyelination of axons disrupts or prevents conduction of action potentials |
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Term
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Definition
| block voltage gated Na+ channels |
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Term
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Definition
| some open K+ channels wider so that they resist the neuron reaching the threshold potential when Na+ starts to enter the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks voltage gated Na+ channels with very high potency. naturally occurs in the liver of the Pacific Puffer fish |
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Term
| why is the action potential necessary? |
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Definition
| it allows for signals to be transmitted over long distances with high fidelity and no decay. |
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Term
| what are the 4 major chemical signals in the body? |
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Definition
| neuronal signaling, endocrine signaling, paracrine signaling, contact signaling |
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Term
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Definition
| zone in which a neuron communicates with another neuron, muscle or gland |
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Term
| what are the two kinds of synapses |
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Definition
| electrical synapse and chemical synapse |
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Term
| ionotropic effects of neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter temporarily binds with a membrane surface receptor site on a protein channel that directly opens a ligand gated ion channel |
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Term
| metabotropic effects of the neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter temporarily binds with a receptor protein coupled to a G-protein which in turn activates a second messenger cascade inside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
-fast (10ms)
-short-lived (<20ms)
-important in control of rapid behaviors and transmission of temporal information (ex. vision and audition) |
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Term
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Definition
-slower (>30ms)
-longer lasting (seconds, minutes or hours)
-modulates the excitability of cells and strength of the synaptic connections. important in learning and memory |
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Term
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Definition
-activates cyclic- nucleotide- gated ion-channels
-activates protein kinases |
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Term
| Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) |
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Definition
| a graded depolarization in the postsynaptic cell that is caused by Na+ entering the cell as a result of neurotransmitter molecules binding with their receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane. |
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Term
| Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) |
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Definition
| a graded hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic cell that is caused by K+ leaving cell or CI- entering the cell as a result of neurotransmitter molecules binding with their receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane |
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Term
| EPSP's and IPSP's decay over ___ and ____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| EPSPs and IPSPs delivered simultaneously at different locations on the cell sum together |
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Term
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Definition
| EPSPs and IPSPs delivered close in time can sum together |
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Term
| types of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| acetylcholine, monoamines, amino acids, peptides, ATP and Adenosine, nitric oxide |
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Term
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Definition
| bound to postsynaptic membrane and catalyzes breakdown of acetylcholine |
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Term
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Definition
| deaminates norepinephrine and serotonin. found in a variety of cells |
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Term
| Catcechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) |
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Definition
| inactivates catecholamines. broad specificity and found in a variety of cells. important in the kidney and liver |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical that mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical that suppresses the effects of a neurotransmitter |
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Term
| neuroactive effects of drugs work by affecting neurotransmitters in one of the following ways: |
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Definition
-causing vesicles to leak
-increasing release
-decreasing reuptake
-blocking the breakdown into inactive chemical
-directly stimulating or blocking postsynaptic receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| displaces NE and DA from vesicles allowing them to leak out of the nerve terminal. "crashing" occurs several hours after administration due to depletion of NE and DA stores as a result of loss from diffusion away from the synaptic cleft |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks reuptake of DA, NE, and 5-HT. Most of the behavioral effects are thought to be related to its effects on dopamine. "crashing" also occurs with this |
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Term
| Methylphenidate (ritalin) |
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Definition
| prescribed for attention deficit disorder. it blocks reuptake of DA, but with much slower kinetics then cocaine, so the effects are more gradual and less severe. it also increases the release of serotonin. |
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Term
| lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) |
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Definition
| stimulates 5-HT 2 receptors. is a hallucinogenic drug |
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Term
| tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) |
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Definition
| active ingredient marijuana. |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates nicotinic Ach receptors on skeletal muscles and in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| derived from the opium poppy plant of synthetically similar. includes morphine and heroine. stimulate opiod receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical receptors released into the circulation by endocrine glands and affect specific target tissues throughout the body |
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Term
| somatic portion of the nervous system |
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Definition
| carries information to and from sensory receptors and muscles |
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Term
| autonomic portion of the nervous system |
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Definition
| mediates internal body adjustments through its influence over glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. primarily and efferent system |
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Term
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Definition
| bundle of axons in the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| bundle of axons in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| brain regions largely occupied by tracts |
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Term
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Definition
| brain regions largely occupied by cell bodies |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| the sensory portion of a nerve that branches close to the cord and enters it dorsally |
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Term
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Definition
| swellings close to the dorsal cord that house the cell bodies of the axons in the dorsal roots |
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Term
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Definition
| gray matter in the dorsal core of the spinal cord that contains the cell bodies on which colaterals of dorsal root axons synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| the motor portion of a nerve that exits from the ventral portion of the cord that eventually joins with the sensory axons of the dorsal roots to form a nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| gray matter in the ventral core of the spinal cord that contains the cell bodies of the motor neurons supplying the axons in the peripheral nerves |
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Term
| spinal cord is ____ symmetrical |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| similar to spinal nerves except that it connects the head receptors and effectors directly to the brain |
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Term
| there are ___ cranial nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| how many cranial nerves are devoted to the movement of the eye muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 cranial nerves are devoted to ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| some cranial nerves especially the ____ carry axons that are part of the autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contributes to an animals physiological response to emergency, potentially life threatening situations. active during arousal |
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Term
| the autonomic system which is part of the PNS is broken into two parts: |
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Term
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Definition
| helps to maintain a relatively steady-state in basic bodily functions |
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Term
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Definition
-increases heart rate
-increases respiration
-increases blood pressure
-increases sweating
-dilates pupils |
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Term
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Definition
-decreases heart rate
-decreases respiration
-decreases blood pressure
-constricts pupils
-promotes digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| takes advantage of autonomic physiological responses that presumably occur when people lie |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 layer sac where the brain and spinal cord are encased |
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Term
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Definition
| outer most layer of the meninges |
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Term
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Definition
| middle layer of the meninges. cerebrospinal fluid fills the space underneath |
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Term
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Definition
| inner most layer of the meninges |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the core of each cerebral hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| located along the midline seperating a large portion of the diencephalon ( a division of the forebrain). the lateral ventricles flow into the third ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| tube-like structure in the midline and hindbrain connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| located along the midline of the hindbrain. CSF flows out of here by 2 routes: 1) central canal of spinal cord and 2.) subarachnoid space |
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Term
| central canal of spinal cord |
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Definition
| tube-like structure in the core of the spinal cord |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
| a filtrate of the blood made by cells lining the ventricles collectively referred to as the choroid plexus. it is mostly water and is isotonic with blood plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which CSF flow is obstructed during gestational development. Causes pressure on forebrain and results in mental retardation |
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Term
| what is the primary function of the meninges and the ventricular system? |
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Definition
| to provide structural support and absorb shock |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in the control of respiration, heart rate, visceral reflexes such as salivation, vomiting, coughing, gagging, swallowing, and chewing. receives sensory input from several cranial nerves |
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Term
| reticular formation (hindbrain) |
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Definition
| network of cells receiving input from sensory systems and it is known to be important in general arousal and also some brainstem reflexes. also involved with control of movement |
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Term
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Definition
| represents an area of fibers, primarily destined for the cerebellum, crossing from one side of the brain to the other |
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Term
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Definition
| a richly layered structure known to be involved in sensorimotor integration, motor timing, balance, and learning |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in auditory and visual processing. includes the superior colliculus and the inferior colliculus |
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Term
| substantia nigra (midbrain) |
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Definition
| a nucleus that contains dopaminergic cells that project to the basal ganglia. these cells degenerate in parkinsons disease |
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Term
diencephalon (forebrain)
1. thalamus
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Definition
| major area for sensory processing. all sensory systems except for the olfactory system, form a synapse in this before projecting to the cortex |
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Term
diencephalon (forebrain)
2. hypothalamus |
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Definition
| involved in feeding, drinking, reproductive behavior, temperature regulation, autonomic tone, aggression, circadian rythms |
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Term
telencephalon subdivision (forebrain)
1. olfactory bulbs
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Definition
| involved in smell. also considered part of the limbic system |
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Term
telencephalon subdivision (forebrain)
2. limbic system
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Definition
| a group of structures that surround the brainstem (hindbrain + midbrain+ diencephalon). these include the hippocampus, amygdala and cingulate gyrus. the olfactory bulb and the hypothalamus are also considered to be a part of this. these structures are important in memory, emotional, and motivated behaviors |
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Term
telencephalon subdivision (forebrain)
3. basal ganglia
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Definition
| a group of subcortial structures known to be involved with motor planning (and perhaps other functions including memory and attention). the 3 major structures are: the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus |
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Term
telencephalon subdivision (forebrain)
4. hippocampus
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Definition
| large structure between the thalamus and the neocortex. plays a very important role in memory |
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Term
telencephalon subdivision (forebrain)
5. neocortex
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Definition
| invaginated structure on the surface of the brain. known to be involved in high-order processing of sensory information, sensorimotor integration, language, and motor control. very important in typically human behavior |
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Term
telencephalon subdivision (forebrain)
6. corpus callosum
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Definition
| a major fiber tract in which axons cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other. humans that have this transected occasionally appear to have "two brains" |
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Term
telencephalon subdivision (forebrain)
7. anterior commisure
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Definition
| similar to the corpus callosum, but smaller |
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Term
| neocortex is composed of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| neocortex is found only in ___. |
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Definition
| mammals. other vertebrates have phylogentically older versions of the cerebral cortex (which has less layers) |
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Term
| the neocortex is organized in ___ |
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Definition
columns.
-neurons in a particular column share similar properties |
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