Term
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Definition
| macrolids and clindamycin inhibit the multiplication of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| e.g. B-lactams, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides kill bacteria |
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Term
| the names of the fluoroquinolones end in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Depends on maintaining the plasma drug concentration above the MIC. Increasing the Cp above the MIC does NOT enhance killing. Examples B-lactams and vancomycin |
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Term
| Concentration Dependent Killing |
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Definition
| rate and efficiency of killing increases as the Cp Increases. Eg. fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides, e.g. gentamicin amikacin, and tobramycin |
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Term
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Definition
| drug continues to be bacteriostatic or cidal after Cp has fallen below MIC. e.g. fluoroqiolones and aminoglycosides |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibition of seqential enzymatic steps or killing bacteria by two diff mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
| one drug decre the antibiotic effect of another drug. static drugs antagonize killing action of any bactericidal drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| more than 80% need to be sensitive for an ab drug to be considered effective |
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Term
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Definition
| e.g. trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole given singly they are static, given together they are bacteriostatic sometimes cida. |
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Term
| inhibitors of protein synthesis |
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Definition
| static drugs - chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, macrolides e.g. erythromycin, clindamycin, aminoglcosides e.g. gentamicin (cidal), linezolid (cicdal against certain bugs but not MRSA) |
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Term
| Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis |
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Definition
penicillins
carbapenems e.g. imipenem meropenem
monobactams e.g. aztreonam
cephalosporins
vancomycin
isoniazid
ethambutol is only bacterostatic
bactracin |
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Term
| inhibitors of DNA/RNA synthesis |
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Definition
bactericidal drugs
fluroquinolones e.g. levofloxacin
rifampin
nitrofurantoin (bladder only) |
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Term
| Increase bacterial membrane permeability |
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Definition
bactericidal drugs
polymixin B
colistin ( polymixin E) |
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Term
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Definition
B-lactamase destroy B-lactam ring.
Oxacillin and Nafcillin are not degraded by this penicillinase |
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Term
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Definition
| express an additional B-lactam binding site which is coded by a mutated bacterial gene |
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Term
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Definition
| high molecular weight PBP's with decreased affinity for B-lactams |
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Term
| Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus MOR |
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Definition
| VRE's mutated to D-ala-D-lactate so vanc can't bind, gene is plasmid which can be transferred to tother enterococci such as staph = VRSA |
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Term
| bacteria with efflux pumps |
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Definition
Gram (-) bugs suchs as Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. Pseudomonas spp. have 20 pumps and 3-4 B-lactamases
Strep pneumo an dStaph aureus may pump out the macrolides |
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Term
| bacterial mutation prevents drug entry |
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Definition
| a mutation i9n Pseudomonas decreases the number of porins which are the sit eof entr of the carbapenems |
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Term
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Definition
| change in the binding site of the drug creates high lievels of resistance = MRSA, VRE, PCN resistant strep |
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Term
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Definition
| efflux pumps and B-lactamases, can create high concentration of B-lactamase between the cell wall and the cell membrane |
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Term
| Exception: 95% of Staph aureus produce a |
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Definition
| B-lactamase, instead of changing the binding site. |
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Term
| How is resistance acquired |
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Definition
mutation of bacterial genes which occur at random
sex = conjugation swaps of DMA and plasmisd
cannibalism - bacterial eat free bacterial DNA
transduction via plasmids carried by viruses
plasmids can swap DNA via transposons |
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Term
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Definition
| strep pneumo, Hem influ, moraxella spp |
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Term
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Definition
| Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Legionella |
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Term
| "Knife and gun club" bacteria = gut anaerobes |
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Definition
| Bacteroides spp., Clostridium spp. and Peptostreptococcus, also entero coccus |
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Term
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Definition
1 - E. cole - Gm(-) aerobe
2 - Klebsiella pneumo - Gm(-) aerobe
3 - Enterococcus faecalis - G+ aerobe,ICU |
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Term
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Definition
MRSA
VRE
VREF
PRSP - pen R srep pneumo |
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Term
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Definition
MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa
MDR Entero, Acinetobacter, Klebsiella, E. coli |
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Term
| aminoglycoside and B-lactam combo therapy |
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Definition
| B-lactam enhances the penetration of the aminoglycoside into the cell |
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