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Intro to American Political System
Terms in The Struggle for Democracy by Greenberg and Page
72
Political Studies
Undergraduate 4
05/03/2012

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Term
Democracy
Definition
A system of government in which the people rule; rule by the many
Term
Oligarchy
Definition
Rule by the few, where a minority group holds power over a majority, as in an aristocracy or a clerical establishment
Term
monarchy
Definition
Rule by the one, where power rests in the hands of a king or queen
Term
Direct democracy
Definition
A for of political decision making in which the public business is decided by all citizens meeting in small assemblies
Term
Representative Democracy
Definition
Indirect democracy, in which the people rule through elected representatives
Term
Popular Sovereignty
Definition
The basic principle of democracy that people are the ultimate source of government authority and the policies that government leaders make
Term
Majority Rule
Definition
The form of political decision making in which policies are decided on the basis of what a majority of the people want
Term
Political Equality
Definition
The principle that says that each person carries equal weight in the conduct of the public business
Term
Civil Rights
Definition
Guarantees by government of equal citizenship to all social groups
Term
Political Liberty
Definition
The principle that citizens in a democracy are protected from government interference in the exercise of a range of basic freedoms, such as the freedoms of speech, association, and conscience
Term
Social Contract
Definition
The idea that government is the result of an agreement among people to form one, and that people have the right to create an entirely new government if the terms of the contract have been violated by the existing one
Term
Liberal Democracy
Definition
Representative Democracy characterized by popular sovereignty, liberty, and political equality.
Term
Majority tyranny
Definition
Suppression of the rights and liberties of a minority by a majority
Term
Jim Crow
Definition
popular term for the system of legally sanctioned racial segregation that existed in the American south until the middle of the 20th century
Term
Confederation
Definition
a loose association of states or territorial units without any or much power in a central authority
Term
Constitution
Definition
The basic framework of law that prescribes how government is to be organized, how decisions are to be made, and what powers and responsibilities government shall have
Term
Articles of Confederation
Definition
The first constitution of the united states, adopted during the last stages of the revolutionary war, created a system of government with most power lodged in the states and little in the central government
Term
republicanism
Definition
a political doctrine advocating limited government based on popular consent, protected against majority tyranny
Term
Tyranny
Definition
the abuse of inalienable rights of citizens by government
Term
unicameral
Definition
a legislative body with a single chamber
Term
stay acts
Definition
laws postponing the collection of taxes or mortgage payments
Term
Virginia Plan
Definition
proposal by the larger states at the constitutional convention to create a strong central government with power in the government apportioned to the states on the basis of population
Term
New Jersey Plan
Definition
Proposal of Smaller states at the constitutional convention to create a government based on equal representation of the states in a unicameral legislature
Term
Connecticut Compromise
Definition
also called the great compromise, the comprise between the nj and va plans formulated by conn delegates at the constitutional convention; called for a lower legislative house based on population size and an upper house based on equal representation of the states
Term
Electoral College
Definition
elected representatives of the states, a majority of whose votes formally elect the president. The number of electors in each state is equal to the total number of its senators and representatives
Term
Federal
Definition
Describing a system in which significant governmental powers are divided between a central government and smaller territorial units like the states
Term
Supremacy Clause
Definition
The provision in article vi of the constitution that states that the constitution and the laws and treatises of the us are the supreme law of the land, taking precedence over state laws and constitutions
Term
Elastic Clause
Definition
Article I Section 8 of the constitution also called the necessary and proper clause gives congress the authority to make whatever laws are necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated responsibilities
Term
Bill of Rights
Definition
the first 10 amendments to the us constitution, concerned with the protection of basic liberties
Term
Separation of Powers
Definition
The distribution of government legislative, executive, and judicial powers to separate branches of government
Term
Checks and Balances
Definition
The constitutional principle that each of the separate branches of government has the power to hinder the actions of the other branches as a way to prevent tyranny
Term
Free Enterprise
Definition
an economic system characterized by competitive markets and private ownership; similar to capitalism
Term
Federalists
Definition
proponents of constitution during the ratification fight
Term
Anti-Federalists
Definition
Opponents of the constitution during the fight for ratification
Term
Judicial Review
Definition
the power of the supreme court to declare actions of the other branches and levels of government unconstitutional
Term
Signing Statement
Definition
A document sometimes issued by the president in connection with the signing of a bill from congress that sets out the president's understanding of the new law and how executive branch officials should carry it out
Term
Unitary System
Definition
A system in which a central government has complete power over its constituent units or states
Term
10th Amendment
Definition
Part of bill of rights, says that those powers not given to the federal government and not prohibited to the states are reserved for the states and the people
Term
Reservation Clause
Definition
10th amendment of the constitution
Term
Concurrent Powers
Definition
powers under that constitution that are shared by the federal government and the states
Term
Horizontal Federalism
Definition
Term used to refer to relationships among the states
Term
Interstate Compacts
Definition
Agreements among states to cooperate on solving mutual problems; requires approval by congress
Term
Nationalist Position
Definition
The view of us federalism that holds that the constitution created a system in which the national govt is supreme, relative to the states, and that it granted that gov't a broad range of powers and responsibilities
Term
State's Rights Position
Definition
The view of us federalism that holds that the constitution created a system of dual sovereignty in which the national government and the state gov'ts are sovereign in their own spheres
Term
Dual Federalism
Definition
An interpretation of federalism in which the states and the national gov't have separate jurisdictions and responsibilities
Term
Nullification
Definition
an attempt by the states to declare national laws or actions null and void
Term
Preemption
Definition
Exclusion of the states from actions that might interfere with federal authority or statues
Term
Civil War Amendments
Definition
13, 14, and 15 amendments adopted after civil war
Term
Due Process Clause
Definition
The section of the 14th amendment that prohibits states from depriving anyone of life, liberty, or property without due process of law
Term
Equal Protection Clause
Definition
The section of the 14th amendment that provides equal protection of the laws to all persons
Term
Devolution
Definition
The delegation of power by the central government to state or local bodies
Term
Cooperative Federalism
Definition
Federalism in which the powers and responsibilities of the states and that national gov't are intertwined and in which they work together to solve common problems; said to have characterized the 1960s and 70s
Term
Fiscal Federalism
Definition
That aspect of federalism having to do with federal grants to the states
Term
Grants in Aid
Definition
Funds from national govt to state and local govts to help pay for federal programs
Term
Categorical Grants
Definition
Federal Aid to states and localities clearly specifying what the money can be used for
Term
Block Grants
Definition
Federal grants to the states to be used for general activities
Term
General Revenue Sharing
Definition
Federal aid to the states without any conditions on how the money is to be spent
Term
Conditional Grants
Definition
Federal Grants with provisions requiring that state and local governments follow certain policies in order to obtain funds
Term
Mandate
Definition
a formal order from fed govt that the states carry out certain policies
Term
Nativist
Definition
Antiforeign; applied to political movements in the 19th century united states
Term
Urbanization
Definition
movement of people from rural areas to cities
Term
Industrialization
Definition
The transformation of an economy from one dominated by agriculture to one dominated by manufacturing
Term
Sun Belt
Definition
States in the Lower South, Southwest, and West
Term
Gross Domestic Product
Definition
monetary value of all goods and services produced in a nation each year excluding income residents use abroad
Term
Median Household Income
Definition
the midpoint of all households ranked by income
Term
Poverty Line
Definition
The fed govt's calculation of the amount of income families of various sizes need to stay out of poverty. 2008 = 22,025 for family of 4
Term
Capitalism
Definition
An economic system characterized by private ownership of productive assets where decisions about how to use these assets are made by individuals and firms operating in a market rather than by government
Term
Globalization
Definition
The increasing tendency of information. products, and financial capital to flow across national borders with the effect of more tightly integrating the global economy
Term
Core Beliefs
Definition
the most fundamental beliefs in a national population about human nature, the country, and the economy
Term
Political Culture
Definition
the set of core beliefs in a country in that help shape how people behave politically and what they believe the govt should do
Term
Political Socialization
Definition
the process by which individuals come to have certain core beliefs and political attitudes
Term
Populism
Definition
The belief that the common person is every bit as good as those with wealth and power
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