Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Making yearbook out of pictures. Drawing conclusions from patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| physical-->physiological-->psychological |
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Term
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Definition
| stimuli in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
what is the weakest sound you can hear.
-dark: see much lower levels of light than would see otherwise. |
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Term
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Definition
-hear a knock at the door?
-at 5 am? Must be mistaken.
-when you're expecting a friend. Will check so you don't hurt your friend if it is them.
-Is it love or infatuation? Is that ice in the road? signal-detection problem. |
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Term
| "The Signal and the Noise" |
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Definition
| -problem in life is extracting signal in noise. Make assumption that we have more data so should be able to find signal better. Nope. |
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Term
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Definition
-cones do color vision.
-retinal image is two dimensional.
-size of retinal image is how far away the object is.
-group objects as pairs of lines because of physical proximity. Sixteen columns of color--four groups instead of 16 dots. Intersecting lines instead of line segments.
-present different stimuli--see if baby is interested. If so, it is different |
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Term
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Definition
-context matters. Use context to interpret the ambiguous.
-A 13 C and 12 13 14. See different things.
-perceptual process happens automatically. Know product but not process. |
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Term
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Definition
-can't pay attention to more than one thing at a time.
-mind is limited-capacity information processing system. Filter out irrelevant stuff.
-Good at ignoring the irrelevant. |
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Term
| Progression of Depression |
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Definition
1. Event
2. Perception of no Control
3. Attribution of cause
4. Expectation of future control
5. Depression |
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Term
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Definition
-global vs. specific (I'm stupid vs. I didn't study enough)
-stable vs. transient (I'm stupid vs. I didn't sleep)
-personal vs. universal (easy test and I'm stupid vs. the entire class failed)
Global, stable, personal: expect to fail in the future. |
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Term
| Study examining causal attributions |
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Definition
Ask questions. Can predict who will become depressed based on their causal attributions.
-create therapy for middle school students to teach them to change their attributions. |
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Term
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Definition
Fear: p (US/CS) >p(US/CS)
Anxiety: p (US/CS) = p(US/no CS)
Control: p (Outcome/Response) > p (Outcome/No Response)
Helplessness: p (Outcome/Response) = p(Outcome/No response) |
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Term
| Personality and Socialization |
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Definition
-social psychology. Difference in which you expect to see consistency across situations.
-personality affects how you behavie in different situations. |
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Term
| Omnibus Personality assessments |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Self-monitoring. Measure attributes you think are important. |
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Term
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Definition
Who will delay gratification? Whether or not you can wait ten minutes to eat a marshmallow at age 4 predicts GPA at age 18.
-Personality at 5 predicts risk of drug abuse and depression at 18. |
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Term
| Maximizing attribution style |
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Definition
| -believe only the best will do. Score high on maximizing scale. Less happy with life, less optimistic, more likely to be depressed. |
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Term
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Definition
TAT (ambiguous drawing. Adult looking sternly at young person who is sitting. Describe scene). Rorschach (ink blot).
Codebook.
-In explaining what you see, you are projecting something.
-PREDICTS NOTHING. |
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Term
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Definition
-face validity: read items and see what people are trying to measure.
-empirically derived validity: no a priori connection between items but people with different traits have different answers. People who have high empathy prefer showers. Gossiping linked to high IQ. |
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Term
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Definition
-underlying stable attributes
-OCEAN: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.
-subtraits within big traits. |
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Term
| Heritability of personality traits |
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Definition
| -look at twins raised apart. |
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Term
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Definition
-no pure Freudians.
-People control impulses because they are reasonable--Enlightenment. Then, 20th century shitshow.
-most patients were women. Hysteria (ailment with no bio basis).
-thought diseases were guises for problems patient couldn't face.
-Victorian era--problem was no sex.
-free association. when i say mother, you say. . .
-dream analysis.
-slips of tongue, forgetting. |
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Term
| Freud personality systems |
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Definition
-id: pleasure. Inner two year old.
-ego: reality. helps id get what it wants.
superego-conscience. |
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Term
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Definition
-denial
-repression (vs. suppression): repression is not conscious. Don’t acknowledge this
desire even to yourself.
-displacement
-projection
-reaction formation
-sublimation
-rationalization |
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Term
| Why do we control desire for immediate gratification? |
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Definition
-threat of punishment
-freud: internalize norms of behavior.
-Hoffman--parents should use minimally sufficient amt of discipline. |
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Term
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Definition
| -people internalize not to do it. |
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Term
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Definition
| -monkeys raised without contact are terrible parents and can't form romantic attachments. |
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Term
| patterns of child attachment |
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Definition
-Secure children show mild distress when mom leaves room. Happy to see mother when she returns, but explore the room while mom is gone, and have fun.
-Anxious-ambivalent. Get really anxious about mother’s presence. Semi-engage with toys, but keep looking to make sure mom is still there. Extremely upset when mom leaves and can’t do anything while she’s gone. Not secure homes.
-Avoidant. Come from homes where parents do not provide physical comfort. Child’s heart rate goes up when mom leaves, but show no emotion at departure or return.
-similar to patterns of adult atachment |
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Term
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Definition
-Nature AND nurture. Genetics and how child is raised.
-Harris says genes and parents pick where kids live. |
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Term
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Definition
-episodic vs. semantic memory. Remember significant events in snapshot--vivid and recalled. Semantic memory--use facts you remember to construct an answer to “what were you doing a year ago today?” (Taking notes in P.Chem and desperately wishing I wasn’t there).
-explicit vs. implicit memory--do you know that you know it or not? |
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Term
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Definition
-can hold seven arbitrary items
-master chess players remember positions better. distribute pieces randomly--all equal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expect one thing on test and get the other? You do worse. |
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Term
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Definition
-remember vs. know
-memory is extremely inaccurate. Incorporate things into stuff we already know.
-incorporate events that occurred long after event into thing your trying to remember.
-eyewitness testimony not accurate. |
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Term
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Definition
-some of memory is automatic
-some is influenced by what we know/expect.
-some is top down (have theory, create memories). Some is bottom up.
-memory not as good as you think it is. |
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Term
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Definition
-abstractions. Hard to take message from details if you remember every one of them. Look for deeper structure.
-new solutions to problems because you can't remember the old ones. |
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Term
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Definition
-not real. Keep doing analysis until you get answer you want.
-does the answer feel right? |
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Term
| Heuristics vs. algorithms |
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Definition
-heuristics: shortcuts, rules of thumb, quick/dirty approx.
-algorithm: formula guaranteed to give answer. |
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Term
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Definition
-people don't know what information they need to make a decision.
-iff rarely correct in real world. |
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Term
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Definition
-seek evidence that will confirm your hypothesis, discard evidence that will deny it.
-experimentation involves risk that things will fail. Don't want that risk. |
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Term
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Definition
| think things will even out in the short run. Representativeness. |
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Term
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Definition
| What comes easily to mind. Assume frequent so misestimate. |
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Term
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Definition
| -when answering questions you don't know much about, seize some information and move on from there. $300 suit in $800 or $60 department store--gives clue as to cheap or expensive. |
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Term
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Definition
| -risk averse when it comes to gains and risk seeking for losses. More sensitive to losses than gains. |
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Term
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Definition
-impaired function: can't get through normal activities.
-trouble distinguishing btwn right and wrong
-evaluative: think doing fine by own standards but others make evaluation.
-statistical: ??
-client defined:
-identify pathology in value free manner. Client vs. patient.
-Clinical psychology: problem is with you, not world. |
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Term
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Definition
-physiological: what's happening in brain and nervous system?
-psychological: internal (Freud)
-Psychological: behavioral (learning cognition)
-Pychological: social (family)
-sociological: what's happening in environment to develop pathology. |
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Term
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Definition
| -predisposition combined with stress causes manifestation of mental illness. |
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Term
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Definition
-Anxiety disorders
Mood disorders
Schizophrenia (thought disorders)
Developmental disorders
Sociopathy |
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Term
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Definition
-impairment in reality testing. Problems with cognition, emotion, motor behavior.
-delusions, hallucinations, physical tics.
-inappropriate emotions.
-1% of the world. Genetic predisposition.
-flat/inappropriate affect, disordered motor behavior, ppl think schizophrenia too broad. |
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Term
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Definition
| -could have too much dopamine in part of the brain, can't regulate which causes symptoms. Theory that decreased activity in frontal lobe. Atrophy in parts of brains. |
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Term
| Positive and Negative schizophrenia symptoms |
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Definition
Positive; delusions, hallucinations (present symptoms)
Negative: flat affect, social withdawal. absent traits. |
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Term
| Major depressive disorder length |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-related to serotonin. Think too little in brain. SSRIs.
-produced by perception of lack of control of things that matter plus bad attributional style.
-Can be treated with CBT.
-Psychosomatic Disorder. Organic problems with psychological source. |
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Term
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Definition
rehearsal. First words in list remembered better than others.
Young kids do not have this. |
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Term
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Definition
| in short term memory. Last words in list remembered better. |
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Term
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Definition
| Must be deliberate. Transfer does not happen automatically. Must be processed. |
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Term
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Definition
-absent mindedness
-retrograde amnesia (period right before injury will not come back)
-anterograde amnesia (perfect memory of the past-can't make new ones)
-memory consolidation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learned not to shake hand of man with buzzer, different kinds of learning than other parts of the brain. Know things without knowing that you know. |
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Term
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Definition
-more familiar, more you like
-music to Korsakoff's patients. More they hear, more they like. |
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Term
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Definition
-ppl doing lineups recognize person, don't know where they saw them
-don't remember source of something. |
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Term
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Definition
| -most memories semantic, not episodic. Based on meaning. |
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Term
| Hierarchal vs. associative networks |
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Definition
Hierarchical: Longer to agree that a canary is animal than canary is bird. Knowledge stored in levels.
Network: Longer to say no to "chair is bird" rather than "bat is bird". Birds and bats fly, stimulating any part of network increases chance of stimulating other parts. |
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Term
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Definition
-context where info learned is retrieval cue.
-related courses build upon each other.
-recovery syndrome. Recover traumatic memories that aren't true. |
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Term
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Definition
| remember too many details. Can't abstract. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-more expensive: works/tastes bettter
-lean vs. fat
-"MIT brew" vs. plain beer vs. beer with vinegar.
-illusion of intrinsic satisfaction. |
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Term
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Definition
-why don't we leave bad movies in the theater.
-Should NOT ask what we have already invested. Ask what will make life better. |
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Term
| Decision making (two systems) |
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Definition
-Automatic: fast, inaccessible to consciousness.
-Deliberate: slow, voluntary, conscious.
-Test of which system people use is better predictor for success than SAT scores.
-Haight: moral judgement. Deliberate does not change automatic. |
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Term
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Definition
-learned associations
-child is miniature adult |
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Term
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Definition
-innate structures
-criticism of empiricism: there are structures in the mind. wired in, not learned.
-child is miniature adult. |
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Term
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Definition
-Mind has structures, but they change and are learned.
-sensory motor (birth-2): no object permanence. Understand world through action on it.
-preoperational: egocentrism. Don't realize that names are arbitrary. Don't know that things can be in more than one category.
-concrete operations (7-11): cute little mistakes, you stop making
-formal operations (12-adult).
-no point in speeding up. Everyone ends up at same point. |
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Term
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Definition
-not everything you discover fits your understanding. Efforts to assimilate fail.
-Form new schemas. |
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Term
| Empiricists (associationists) |
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Definition
| -Humans are Tabula Rasa. Shaped by experiences. Associate experiences with each other. |
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Term
| Nativists (Structuralists) |
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Definition
| -Built in structure of our mind imposes influence in our experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
-passive: see things as they are.
-active: creating a complex image based on pieces of image. Construct patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pre-set knowledge that shapes our perception of information we sense. |
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Term
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Definition
| brain (hardware) => psychological process (software) => perceptions (output) |
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Term
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Definition
| -energy transducers. All sensory input has to be converted to electrical stimulus so the nervous system can receive message. |
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Term
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Definition
-all or nothing rule.
-sensory--gradual increased chance of perception as more neurons fire. |
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Term
| Just noticeable difference |
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Definition
-sensitive to ratios, not absolutes. S
-stimulus must be distinguished. from background noise. |
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Term
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Definition
-rods interconnected--can't tell difference in intensity distribution. Cannot tell difference between five rods weakly stimulated and one rod strongly stimulated.
-allows weak stimuli to get response
-Cones--more resolution, less sensitivity.
-some stimulation can cause different response. stare at something--starts to look different. |
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Term
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Definition
-makes some differences look bigger than they are. Less ambiguity.
-mostly unconsious. |
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Term
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Definition
-provides inhibition
-colors. Grey vs. Black: surounding not as strongly stimulated. Neighboring stimuli influence perception. |
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Term
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Definition
focusing on one thing--ignore others.
-attention not visual or auditory specific system
-deviations from automatic can't be responded effectively. |
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Term
| Lateral Attentional Neglect |
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Definition
| -only pay attention to what you see in front of you |
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Term
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Definition
| -names of colors in differnt collors. Hard not to just say color name. |
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Term
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Definition
-associating independent experiences.
-Pavlov. Presnce of feeder gets dogs to salivate. Association of ideas.
-salivation is unconditioned response. |
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Term
| Strength of conditional response |
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Definition
| -increases with more CS and US pairings. |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of conditioned response. Present CS without US. |
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Term
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Definition
| Random recovery of conditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
| once association formed, they do not go away. Have to inhibit one'self. |
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Term
| Association between CS and US |
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Definition
| -only if CS can predict something. Otherwise, no. |
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Term
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Definition
-Contiguity--closeness in time
--Cortingency (??) doesn't actually predict something. |
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Term
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Definition
-learn to associate taste with illness.
-blame illness on new thing that was eaten.
-low level association. Not much thought.
-detect poison. |
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Term
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Definition
-compensatory reactions
-opponent process theory
-CR OPPOSITE of UR (A process, B process) |
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Term
| Environmental cues associated with A process |
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Definition
| -give rats morphine in new environment. Same amount usually taken will kill them. |
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Term
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Definition
Aversion therapy: drug abuse. Condition response opposite to response of drug. Give them drug, than poison them. Associate taste of drug with illness.
-systematic desenitization. Scared of snakes? Imagine scary snakes. Deep muscle relaxation. Make person hold snake. Flood them with exposure to fear stimulus until response becomes extinct. |
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Term
| Operant/Instrumental Conditioning |
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Definition
-goal oriented
-hear toilet flush, get out of shower. |
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Term
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Definition
no conscious goal--behaviors that work stay, those that don't fade away.
-Reward--> More likely behavior.
-Actions are conditioned to get reward. |
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Term
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Definition
-Grades, Money (bc of stuff it buys) are rewards because of what they are associated with.
-positive reinforcement. Behavior gets reward.
-negative-removal increases behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
-ratio-depends on # of responses
-variable: no set # of actions needed for reward.
-internal. Depends on time. Fixed, variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| -makes behavior much more resistant to extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
-mid-level employees, not higher level employees.
-lack of control--higher stress. |
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Term
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Definition
-untestable (everything is about sex).
-right for wrong reasons: can't remember early memories bc don't have language, not because "too significant".
-product of time and space (culture affects everything--he was in time of sexual repression)
-too much emphasis on biological.
-too much id not enough ego. |
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Term
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Definition
1) Harm/Care
2)Fairness/Reciprocity
3)Ingroup/Loyalty
4) Authority/Respect
5) Purity/Sanctity |
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Term
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Definition
| -high student: caretaker ratio. Harder to control attachments later in life. |
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Term
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Definition
-Encoding (aquisition): Buying book
-Storage: shelves
-Retrieval: Find book |
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Term
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Definition
-"chunking"--relate bits of information.
-more shallow feature--worse recall. Remember list by meaning of words, will remember it.
-divide experiences into meaningful components. |
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Term
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Definition
-divide into meaningful components.
- |
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Term
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Definition
| -Remember decades old abuse that didn't happen. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Examples that come more readily to mind used as reference. More words that begin with t or have t as third letter. Latter true, but seen more of the former. |
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Term
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Definition
-basically stereotyping. Have prototype in mind we use to categorize people.
- |
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Term
| Anchoring Adjustment Heuristic |
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Definition
| -Anchor judgement/standard in our mind and evaluate other things based on it. |
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Term
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Definition
-have to ask right questions (smart kids)
-babies have grasp of small #--perceptual appreciation.
-kids not egocentric--begin prefering objects that help people after 12 months. |
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Term
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Definition
-to interact with each other, live in groups.
-children dependent for longer, learn more. |
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Term
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Definition
-boys: "not trying hard enough"
Girls: "I'm just bad at it".
-Boys rambunctious, teachers tell them to get their act together. |
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Term
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Definition
-middle class talks to kids ore.
-working class parents tend to be punitive.
-information fades in summer without reinforcement from engaged parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| -significant IQ increase in a few generations. Smaller families and nutrition. |
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Term
| Consistant Differential Treatment |
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Definition
| -malcolm gladwell's hockey players, gap widens. |
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Term
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Definition
-write race at top of page. If told this is aptitude test, whites score 1 deviation higher.
-pilot test? Difference negligible. |
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Term
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Definition
| -order of words matters. Also recognize passive voice/other complications. |
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Term
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Definition
| -people encounter informationlater in sentence, |
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Term
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Definition
-importance of unconscious processes.
-role of early experience
-non-rational, as opposeed to irrational.
-importance of socialization. |
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Term
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Definition
| -moral decision focused on consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| -focus on approval or disapproval of others. |
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Term
| postconventional morality |
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Definition
| abstract code of ethics based on public good. |
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