Term
|
Definition
| The brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cells life-support center and contains the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons, they also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A neuron’s reaction of either firing (with full strength) or not firing at all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Central and Peripheral
• Peripheral: Autonomic and Somatic
• Autonomic: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
• Somatic: Sensory Input and Motor Output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
|
Definition
| The sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs |
|
|
Term
| Sensory (Afferent) Neurons |
|
Definition
| Neurons that carry outgoing information from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurons within the brain and spinal cord; they communicate internally and process information between the sensory inputs and motor outputs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
| Part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
| The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The body’s “slow” chemical communication system, a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The endocrine system’s most influential gland, under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine System Components |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroids, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas, Testis/Ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brain region controlling the pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Help regulate the level of calcium in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulates the level of sugar in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretes male sex hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretes female sex hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue destruction, a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electroencephalogram, an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface, these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Magnetoencephalography, a brain-imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Position Emission Tomography, a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue, MRI scans show brain anatomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functional MRI, a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans, fMRI scans show brain function as well as structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The formation of new neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the structure and function of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells that make up the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Branch-like structure that receives messages from other neurons
Their job is to listen
When they receive a message, it is either excitatory or inhibitory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell
Bigger clumps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Long tube-like structure that carries the neural messages to other cells
One way to differentiate axons from dendrites is that axons tend to be thicker tubes than dendrites
Axons speak dendrites listen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fatty substance in neurons that protects and insulates neurons and helps our neurons communicate more efficiently, speeds up the transmission speed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The state of a neuron when not firing a neural impulse
During Resting Potential:
o Inside the Neuron- negatively charged ions (-)
o Outside the Neuron- positively charged ions (+)
o What allows action to occur is the transfer of ions between the inside and outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The triggering of a neural impulse when positively charged ions enter the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Branches at the end of an axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rounded areas on the end of axon terminals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sack-like structures inside the synaptic knob containing neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chemicals that, when released, have an effect on the next cell
Chemical messengers that cross synaptic gaps and influence whether the neuron will generate a neural impulse or not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Holes in the surface of the dendrites which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acetylcholine, Serotonin, GABA, Glutamate, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Endorphins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involved in memory and stimulates movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involved in mood, sleep, and appetite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gamma-Aminobutryric Acid, involved in sleep and inhibits movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involved in memory formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involved in arousal and mood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Front and top portion of the brain, portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements, higher mental processes, decision making, non-verbal communication, logic, and the production of fluent speech, contains the motor cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the middle of the brain, portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position, contains the somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Back of the brain, the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields and helps you understand what you see |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sides of the brain, the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear, seems to play an important role in memory and ability to remember |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Outer wrinkly thing
o Bulk of what constitutes the brain
o Much thicker than most people think (deeper)
o Responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input
o All senses except smell are processed here |
|
|
Term
| Where is Smell Processed? |
|
Definition
| Smell is processed in olfactory bulbs (protrusions in the frontal lobe) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of wrinkling over time (of the brain cortex) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Comprised of structures under the cortex involved in emotion, memory, and motivation, located below the cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| Three Main Systems that Comprise the Limbic System |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature, reproduction), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward, deals with motivation for survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion, two most prominent emotions that are governed by the amygdala, anxiety and rage, also helps with recognizing emotion in others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People who cannot control rage or anxiety have an overactive amygdala |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events for storage, like special navigation memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Example: Navigating a familiar house in the dark |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The brain’s sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla, roughly the size of an egg, first place that sensory information goes to, a relay station for 4 basic senses, serves a regulatory function (homeostasis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o A nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the thalamus and plays and important role in controlling arousal (being alert to your surroundings), damage to reticular formation can result in a permanent coma, also contributes to our ability to selectively attend and shift focus from one stimulus to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for autonomic survival functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Located in between the thalamus and lower brainstem
Pons=Bridge
Helps govern our sleep wake cycle
Plays a significant role in our dreaming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remains dormant during sleep so that’s why dreams can make no sense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing and other involuntary life-sustaining functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory |
|
|
