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Intro Psychology Chapter 2
Psychology Test
87
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/08/2018

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Term
Plasticity
Definition
The brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
Term
Cell Body
Definition
The cells life-support center and contains the nucleus
Term
Glial Cells
Definition
Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons, they also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory
Term
Threshold
Definition
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
Term
Refractory Period
Definition
A brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired
Term
All-or-None Response
Definition
A neuron’s reaction of either firing (with full strength) or not firing at all
Term
Reuptake
Definition
A neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron
Term
Nervous System
Definition
Central and Peripheral
• Peripheral: Autonomic and Somatic
• Autonomic: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
• Somatic: Sensory Input and Motor Output
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
The brain and spinal cord
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
The sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
Term
Nerves
Definition
Bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
Term
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
Definition
Neurons that carry outgoing information from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Term
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
Definition
Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
Term
Interneurons
Definition
Neurons within the brain and spinal cord; they communicate internally and process information between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
Part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
Part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Definition
The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
The body’s “slow” chemical communication system, a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Term
Hormones
Definition
Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
Term
Adrenal Glands
Definition
A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
The endocrine system’s most influential gland, under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
Term
Endocrine System Components
Definition
Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroids, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas, Testis/Ovary
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Brain region controlling the pituitary gland
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition
Affects metabolism
Term
Parathyroids
Definition
Help regulate the level of calcium in the blood
Term
Pancreas
Definition
Regulates the level of sugar in the blood
Term
Testis
Definition
Secretes male sex hormones
Term
Ovary
Definition
Secretes female sex hormones
Term
Lesion
Definition
Tissue destruction, a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue
Term
EEG
Definition
Electroencephalogram, an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface, these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
Term
MEG
Definition
Magnetoencephalography, a brain-imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical energy
Term
PET Scan
Definition
Position Emission Tomography, a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
Term
MRI
Definition
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue, MRI scans show brain anatomy
Term
fMRI
Definition
Functional MRI, a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans, fMRI scans show brain function as well as structure
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center
Term
Motor Cortex
Definition
An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement
Term
Somatosensory Cortex
Definition
An area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
Term
Association Areas
Definition
Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking
Term
Neurogenesis
Definition
The formation of new neurons
Term
Corpus Callosum
Definition
The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
Term
Split Brain
Definition
A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them
Term
Neuroscience
Definition
Study of the structure and function of the nervous system
Term
Nervous System
Definition
An extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body
Term
Neurons
Definition
Cells that make up the nervous system
Term
Dendrite
Definition
Branch-like structure that receives messages from other neurons
Their job is to listen
When they receive a message, it is either excitatory or inhibitory
Term
Soma
Definition
The cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell
Bigger clumps
Term
Axon
Definition
Long tube-like structure that carries the neural messages to other cells
One way to differentiate axons from dendrites is that axons tend to be thicker tubes than dendrites
Axons speak dendrites listen
Term
Myelin
Definition
Fatty substance in neurons that protects and insulates neurons and helps our neurons communicate more efficiently, speeds up the transmission speed
Term
Resting Potential
Definition
The state of a neuron when not firing a neural impulse
During Resting Potential:
o Inside the Neuron- negatively charged ions (-)
o Outside the Neuron- positively charged ions (+)
o What allows action to occur is the transfer of ions between the inside and outside
Term
Action Potential
Definition
The triggering of a neural impulse when positively charged ions enter the cell
Term
Axon Terminals
Definition
Branches at the end of an axon
Term
Synaptic Knob
Definition
Rounded areas on the end of axon terminals
Term
Vesicles
Definition
Sack-like structures inside the synaptic knob containing neurotransmitters
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
Chemicals that, when released, have an effect on the next cell
Chemical messengers that cross synaptic gaps and influence whether the neuron will generate a neural impulse or not
Term
Synapse
Definition
Fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell
Term
Receptor Sites
Definition
Holes in the surface of the dendrites which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
Acetylcholine, Serotonin, GABA, Glutamate, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Endorphins
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
Involved in memory and stimulates movement
Term
Serotonin
Definition
Involved in mood, sleep, and appetite
Term
GABA
Definition
Gamma-Aminobutryric Acid, involved in sleep and inhibits movement
Term
Glutamate
Definition
Involved in memory formation
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
Involved in arousal and mood
Term
Dopamine
Definition
Involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure
Term
Endorphins
Definition
Involved in pain relief
Term
4 Brain Lobes
Definition
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
Front and top portion of the brain, portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements, higher mental processes, decision making, non-verbal communication, logic, and the production of fluent speech, contains the motor cortex
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition
In the middle of the brain, portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position, contains the somatosensory cortex
Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition
Back of the brain, the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields and helps you understand what you see
Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition
Sides of the brain, the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear, seems to play an important role in memory and ability to remember
Term
Cortex
Definition
• Outer wrinkly thing
o Bulk of what constitutes the brain
o Much thicker than most people think (deeper)
o Responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input
o All senses except smell are processed here
Term
Where is Smell Processed?
Definition
Smell is processed in olfactory bulbs (protrusions in the frontal lobe)
Term
Corticalization
Definition
The process of wrinkling over time (of the brain cortex)
Term
Limbic System
Definition
Comprised of structures under the cortex involved in emotion, memory, and motivation, located below the cerebral hemispheres
Term
Three Main Systems that Comprise the Limbic System
Definition
Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
A neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature, reproduction), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward, deals with motivation for survival
Term
Amygdala
Definition
Two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion, two most prominent emotions that are governed by the amygdala, anxiety and rage, also helps with recognizing emotion in others
Term
Overactive Amygdala
Definition
People who cannot control rage or anxiety have an overactive amygdala
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events for storage, like special navigation memory
Term
Spatial Navigation
Definition
Example: Navigating a familiar house in the dark
Term
Thalamus
Definition
The brain’s sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla, roughly the size of an egg, first place that sensory information goes to, a relay station for 4 basic senses, serves a regulatory function (homeostasis)
Term
Reticular Formation
Definition
o A nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the thalamus and plays and important role in controlling arousal (being alert to your surroundings), damage to reticular formation can result in a permanent coma, also contributes to our ability to selectively attend and shift focus from one stimulus to another
Term
Brainstem
Definition
The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for autonomic survival functions
Term
Pons
Definition
Located in between the thalamus and lower brainstem
Pons=Bridge
Helps govern our sleep wake cycle
Plays a significant role in our dreaming
Term
Frontal Lobe When Asleep
Definition
Remains dormant during sleep so that’s why dreams can make no sense
Term
Medulla
Definition
The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing and other involuntary life-sustaining functions
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
The “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory
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