Term
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Definition
| The study of mental processes and behaviors |
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Definition
| when analysis occurs at the grp. level as opposed to the brain and individual level. |
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Definition
| based on early work by Wendt and Titcher |
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Definition
evolved from philosophy.
wendt and titcher. |
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Definition
based on work of James.
Look at what the mind does, and not how it was put together or how it works. |
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Definition
grandfather of social psychology.
means "the whole"
human innate tendencies are to perceive the "whole" or "form" of something, not just its parts. |
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Definition
Freud.
deals with subconscious thinking and how behaviors from childhood show up later in life. |
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Definition
pavlov, skinner, and watson.
the psychology of adaptation.
Only care about the actions, and not why they are happening. |
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Definition
rogers and maslow.
hierarchy of needs.
people have a drive to do good.
humans having the potential for growth and self-actualization. |
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Definition
miller and herb.
examines the functioning of mental processes (how the mind does what it does) |
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Definition
lashley and speery.
the workings of the brain and genetic inheritance. |
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Definition
| a philosophical approach to knowing and understanding the world. |
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Term
| core principles of science |
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Definition
The universe operates according to certain natural laws.
the natural laws are discoverable and can be tested |
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Definition
| start with general ideas and work to a particular solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| start with a particular solution and work to find general ideas. |
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Definition
philosophy and religion.
its findings are related to values, morality, and personal preference. |
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Term
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Definition
what is being measured in a study.
always used. |
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Term
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Definition
what is being changed in a study.
the variables being changed to affect the dependent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
n b/c sample.
N is population.
experiences the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
a grp that doesn't experience the independent variable.
usually randomly chosen. |
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Term
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Definition
case studies.
naturalistic and laboratory observations.
surveys/questionnaires. |
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Term
| double blind experimental procedure |
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Definition
experimenter doesn't know which subject is in which grp.
used to reduce bias. |
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Term
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Definition
| if test is done again, will it provide us with the same results? |
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Term
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Definition
protected from harm and discomfort.
provided with confidentiality.
debrief participants at the end of the survey. |
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| sets of rules for experiments |
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Definition
adherence to the ethical code of conduct - APA code of ethics.
use of oversight boards such as the IRB - institutional review board used for colleges. |
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Term
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Definition
| biological inheritances vs events that affect your life. |
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Term
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Definition
in the 1950's, it was said that the number of times being exposed to something left an impression.
Now it is the richness of a certain event, whether it is good or bad. |
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Term
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Definition
comparing one grp to another for a short period of time.
lots of participants. |
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Definition
studies that last a long time.
only a few participants. |
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Term
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Definition
23 chromosomes from each parent.
dominant and recessive traits. |
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Term
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Definition
| your response or reaction to an event |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic or environmental. |
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Term
| prenatal environmental influences |
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Definition
smoking/drinking, trauma, bad or no water supply, radiation, drugs, disease, poverty, and caffeine.
called teratogens - can be reduced. |
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Term
| development - infancy behavior |
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Definition
clasping a lot
brush cheek to begin to suck, and move toward source of brushing, and startle response - all tested when child is born. |
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Term
| development - infancy cognitive |
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Definition
| babies see large patterns, but not fine ones. |
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Term
| development - infancy piaget's theory |
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Definition
ideas of assimilation and accommodation.
as we learn, we either have to adapt or rework the framework of the mind so that it makes sense.
babies learn things through senses. |
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Term
| development - infancy social and emotional development |
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Definition
| attachment theory - infant has a positive relationship, so they will as adults as well. |
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Term
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Definition
ideal.
set clear goals and boundaries.
similar to humanistic view - making the best of what you have. |
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Term
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Definition
parents set overly high expectations.
children grow up to be very self-critical and anxious. |
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Definition
| parents don't set boundaries - children don't feel attached. |
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Definition
| children are ignored or given little attention. |
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Term
| development - childhood cognitive - piaget - pre-operational stage (2-7) |
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Definition
| - some memories and ideas have been created, and world is very generalized. constancy - children don't understand that something can be the same thing if its shape changes. object permanence - children don't know that if something disappears it still exists. |
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Term
| development - childhood cognitive - piaget - concrete operations stage (8-12) |
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Definition
better categorizations.
start to realize that santa, easter bunny, etc. aren't real. |
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Term
| adolescence - 2nd big bang - physical development |
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Definition
puberty.
females - certain body fat ratio triggers puberty; overweight girls start puberty early. |
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| adolescence - 2nd big bang - cognitive development - piaget |
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Definition
formal operational stage - how you define yourself.
parents see ages 12-20 as "oppositional" but child just wants to be different from parents to see who they really are. |
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Term
| adolescence - 2nd big bang - social and emotional development |
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Definition
eriksons life span theory - life stages are somewhat connected - identity vs role confusion ages 12-20.
marcia's identity theory. |
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Term
| adulthood (20-65) - physical and cognitive development |
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Definition
| biological changes - brain shrinks, muscles and skeleton begin to become less strong. |
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Term
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Definition
wear and tear - we do a lot of activities, and body just gets beat up over time.
body can't repair over time after it does it so much.
free radicals - body eventually becomes destabilized. |
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Term
| adulthood (20-65) - social and emotional development |
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Definition
erikson's stages of conflict or resolution.
1. intimacy vs isolation (20-30)
2. generativity vs. self-absorption (30-65) - usually when midlife crisis happens.
3. integrity vs. dispair (65+) - what it means when you look at your life. |
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Term
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Definition
| we all end up in the same place, but we started in different places. |
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Term
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Definition
| we all start out the same, but the journey or experiences make us different. |
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Term
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Definition
| what you do to others (bullying, stealing, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| what happens to yourself (depression, eating disorders, cutting, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
the ability to recover from or avoid/minimize serious side effects from negative circumstances.
what keeps those who have overcome obstacles from relapsing or avoiding. |
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Term
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Definition
| frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital |
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Term
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Definition
responsible for working memory, moral reasoning, and tells us if we are being physically responsible.
accidents here cause emotion changes |
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Term
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Definition
| stimuli processing touch and movement |
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Term
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Definition
| face and language recognition |
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Term
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Definition
| vision and vision processing |
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Term
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Definition
| series of axons that helps the 2 sides of the brain communicate |
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Term
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Definition
| an over-communication in corpus callosum occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
intuitive, creative, and artistic side.
basic knowledge on right side. |
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Term
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Definition
analytic (higher order) thoughts.
Used when able to break something down and really understand it. |
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Term
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Definition
| each side of the brain is symmetrical and function similarly, but there are some differences in functionality |
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Term
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Definition
sensory and motor models.
sculptures that display how much brain power is used on each part of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
association areas.
projection areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| brain areas in cerebral cortex where higher mental functioning most likely exists. |
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Term
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Definition
| brain areas in cerebral cortex where the brain tissue has a "map" of the sensory and motor info. |
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Term
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Definition
less of myelin sheath on axon.
neuron doesn't know whether or not to send signals or not. |
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Term
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Definition
motor skill neurons die (mostly in spinal cord)
can't move diaphragm and other parts of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
neurons don't know what to do.
neurons in the brain make neurotransmitters die.
neurons fire uncontrollably. |
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Term
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Definition
nothing can be controlled.
genetic disorder.
neurons in the brain are affected, and so is personality. |
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Term
| common to all neurological diseases |
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Definition
they are all degenerative.
after mid 20's they usually start b/c growing is done. |
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Term
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Definition
cerebral cortical dmg
disturbance in beginning, organizing, or executing voluntary movements.
want to pick up cup, but getting hand to move is tough. |
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Term
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Definition
inability to recognize visual stimuli, despite being able to see and describe it - a recognition problem.
can't call it a glove, but can describe it. |
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Term
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Definition
| right parietal lobe is dmged, and you don't recognize or feel the left side of your body |
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Term
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Definition
caused by malformation of the brain.
linguistic disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| speech production interruption |
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Term
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Definition
speech comprehension interruption
ex - seeing a chair and calling it "spoon" |
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Term
| prefrontal area (effects of dmg to it) |
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Definition
| dmg to the frontal lobes that result in working memory, strategy formation, and response inhibition difficulties |
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Term
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Definition
the capacity for the brain to alter its structure and functioning
aka "rewiring" neural pathways and brain functions |
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Term
| possible treatments for brain repair |
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Definition
stem cells
spinal cord research
traumatic brain injury (tbi) research
advances in safety equipment |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of converting physical external stimuli into neural impulses that the brain can process. |
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Term
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Definition
| something you get used to , so your brain can ignore the interaction (ex - brain doesn't feel ground when just walking) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of interpreting neural signals to comprehend the info we receive |
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Term
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Definition
detects airborne chemicals.
info goes from olfactory bulb to olfactory cortex.
Smells are associated with memories and emotions |
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Term
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Definition
detects chemicals in food.
taste buds convert food chemicals into neural signals that are "read" by the brain.
usually connected to smell to give a fuller experience |
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Term
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Definition
| sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (MSG) |
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Term
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Definition
| can combine with smell and taste to influence personal preference (likes/dislikes) |
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Term
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Definition
| women are more acute/sensitive to smells than men. |
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Term
| somatosensory (touch) system |
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Definition
| detects touch, heat, pressure, pain, vibration, or dmg to the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| brain is processing info on the side of the brain opposite of tactile contact. |
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Term
| fast vs slow neural pathways |
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Definition
fast-travels to brain quickly
slow-slowly gets to brain (ex-a slight pressure gets uncomfortable after a while) |
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Term
| gate control theory of pain |
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Definition
some people have the ability to "close" their neural activity related to physical stimuli so that pain info doesn't reach the brain, and isn't processed.
They either don't have nerve endings, or enter a state to ignore them. |
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Term
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Definition
| amputees still feel as though they have their missing limb(s) b/c the nerves that were there still exist in the body, and keep sending info despite not being in the right spot. |
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Term
| auditory (hearing) system |
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Definition
detects sound waves.
we pick up frequency and amplitude of sounds and create perceptions of pitch and loudness. |
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Term
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Definition
| immediate awareness of our internal/external states, and we pay attention, make decisions, remember things, and plan for the future. |
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Term
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Definition
conscious
unconscious - place where childhood memories are stored (Freud).
preconscious |
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Term
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Definition
manipulation of the conscious state.
ppl are receptive to suggestions that fit their personality or already existing behavior pattern.
hypnotized ppl are known to think in certain ways, do certain things, or remember forgotten events. |
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Term
| divided conscious theory for hypnosis |
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Definition
| 2 things going on in mind - listening to hypnotist's suggestions, and other part thinks if the suggestions fit your behavior |
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Term
| social/cognitive process theory for hypnosis |
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Definition
| you are highly open to a hypnotist's suggestions (eager to be hypnotized and want it to happen). |
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Term
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Definition
goal is to focus one's consciousness inward to increase awareness and eliminate stressors while ignoring external issues.
an altered state of consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
evolutionary hold over
do it for self preservation and protection |
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Term
| restorative theory of sleep |
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Definition
| sleep for body renewal, growth, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
aka biological clock
we are on a 24 hour sleep cycle, and we have 2 periods - awake and asleep.
children need more sleep in 24 hours than an old person.
working night shifts causes one to not be able to get into a good sleep pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| SCN says to produce melatonin so that we can sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
rapid eye movement.
deepest sleep where dreams occur.
takes about 90-100 min to get to - fade in and out throughout sleep.
high lvl of brain activity during rem sleep. |
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Term
| effects from loss of sleep |
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Definition
| body temp drops, and a lack of melatonin is produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| emotionally charged stories that occur during rem sleep. |
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Term
| info processing theory of dreams |
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Definition
| a cognitive view of dreams where the mind works through the day's experiences and encodes them in memory. |
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Term
| activation synthesis model of dreams |
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Definition
the brain combines internally generated brain signals.
each signal tries to give meaning to the brain activity via dreams. |
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Term
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Definition
| intense, anxiety producing dreams |
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Term
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Definition
being/feeling fully awake and able to participate in the dreams, and sometimes guiding its outcome.
you're an actor in the dream. |
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Term
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Definition
| fantasies that occur while awake and mindful, but not fully conscious. |
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Term
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Definition
| can lead to compromised cognitive and physiological functions as well as accidents and low productivity |
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Term
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Definition
| either can't sleep, or can't stay asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of oxygen while sleeping - leads to deprivation |
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Term
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Definition
| can go into REM sleep in an instant from being fully awake. |
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Term
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Definition
| not being aware while walking. more common in children than teens. |
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Term
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Definition
similar to a nightmare, but happens to a child.
will appear awake after a night terror, but isn't b/c so unconscious. |
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Term
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Definition
slow down brain activity - alcohol, sedatives, and opioids
tough to sleep while under influence of this |
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Term
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Definition
increases brain activity - caffeine, nicotine, and meth
tough to sleep while under influence of this |
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Term
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Definition
| distorts sensory perception - pot, LSD |
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Term
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Definition
drugs act on the reward center in the brain, which increases dopamine.
increased reward center action leads to addiction. |
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Term
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Definition
| a lasting change caused by experience |
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Term
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Definition
artificial link.
change that results from experiences that lead us to link 2 or more stimuli together. |
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Term
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Definition
things are only done in environmental contexts.
only drink at college and nowhere else |
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Term
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Definition
| only 1 or 2 exposures from something leave a big impact |
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Term
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Definition
making connections between 2 or more stimuli, and is a natural link.
majority of human learning |
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Term
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Definition
found by Pavlov on accident when doing salivation test.
there is a neutral and an unconditional stimulus. response to us is the unconditioned response.
repeated pairing turns neutral stimulus into conditioned stimulus, and response is conditioned response. |
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Term
| extinction of conditioning |
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Definition
connection doesn't stay solid and breaks apart between CS and CR.
can become just a response again. |
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Term
| spontaneous recovery of conditioning |
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Definition
| when a pairing is pulled apart, and once it is done again, it is right back to CS and CR. |
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Term
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Definition
similar stimuli can take the place of a CS.
ex-afraid of cats, so something fuzzy on the ground could scare you. |
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Term
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Definition
exaggerated fears of stimuli, most have no inherent danger.
nobody is born with a phobia. |
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Term
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Definition
1 and done experience.
have a food and get sick from it, so it is avoided forever.
happens quickly, and has a lasting impact. |
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Term
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Definition
| associative learning where behavior modifies based on presented consequences, both + and - |
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Term
| law of effect with operant conditioning |
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Definition
behaviors that lead to pleasant outcomes typically increase behaviors.
unpleasant outcomes lead to decrease in behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| desirable/pleasant experience that increases an identified behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| undesirable/unpleasant experience that decreases an identified behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| presenting pleasant consequence after a behavior. motivating stimulus to increase that behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
removal of a negative experience after desired behavior is done.
removing a bad stimulus to increase desired behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| presenting an unpleasant consequence to decrease undesirable behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease unwanted behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
rewards that are pleasurable and rewarding by their very nature.
ex-money, sex, etc |
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Term
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Definition
associated with primary reinforcers that increase the likelihood of certain behaviors.
ways to get to primary reinforcer
ex-put up with work to get money |
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Term
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Definition
| strategic use of positive/negative reinforcers and schedules is part of heavier modification programs and helps to shape new behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| learning from prior experiences that nothing you do an affect the environment and give you what you want. |
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Term
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Definition
learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement
doesn't impact behavior until the situation requires action |
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Term
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Definition
| learning how to navigate one's environment without obvious reinforcements. |
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Term
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Definition
learning to evaluate and solve a problem without obvious reinforcements.
thinking to have a eureka! moment |
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Term
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Definition
occurs from watching the behaviors of others.
leads to modeling or mimicry behavior by observer |
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Term
| factors that influence learning |
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Definition
timing
awareness and attention
stereotype threat
stress reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to readily acquire info about math |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to learn and effectively meet the demands of the environment and understand and control one's mental activities |
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Term
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Definition
| theory factor of intel that underlies all distinct cluster of mental ability |
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Term
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Definition
| factor uniquely tied to particular areas of functioning or mental ability. |
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Term
| theory of multiple intels |
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Definition
there is no single, unified intel
there are several independent intels |
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Term
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Definition
3 components:
analytic - left side
creative - right side
practical - learning form world |
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Term
| bioethical model of intel |
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Definition
| intel is a function of the intervention between innate potential abilities, environmental context, and internal motivation. |
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Term
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Definition
| ppl who are self awarem sensitive to own and feelings of others are able to manage their own emotions |
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Term
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Definition
ppl oriented intel where someone demonstrates high social, interpersonal intuition, and high interaction skills
may be sub/preconscious intel - ppl who are good to be around |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to make sound judgements about uncertain, important, or difficult situations by choosing the best course of action. |
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Term
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Definition
ability to produce ideas that are both original and valuable
personal qualities and environment are key to creativity and creative thinking |
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Term
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Definition
standardization
reliability
validity |
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Term
| current standard IQ tests |
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Definition
stanford-binet intel test
wais and wais-c tests |
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Term
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Definition
western stereotyping culture.
inclusion of culture sensitive materials, and stereotype threat. |
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Term
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Definition
| identical twins gets similar IQ scores 86% of the time, and fraternal score close 60% of the time |
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Term
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Definition
environmental influences
cultural influences
job complexity
formal education |
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Term
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Definition
| children with health or poverty issues are given money to go to school before kindergarten, so that they can be ahead of the curve in kindergarten. |
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Term
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Definition
iq 70-50 might now even know they are retarded.
49-35 show some physical signs of mental retardation
34-20 usually require 24 hr care
20 and below require intense care, and aren't integrated into society. |
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Term
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Definition
| there is no uniform definition. can be gifted in one area and slow in others, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| top 2% of population on IQ test |
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Term
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Definition
ex-derek and piano. slow at everything but amazing at piano.
were called "idiot savants" before |
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Term
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Definition
provides cognitive understanding of stimuli.
interpreting external stimuli to your memories, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
no thought, just neurons to brain.
ex-reaction reflex. |
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