Term
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Definition
| major structure of the forebrain that consists of two identical hemispheres and is responsible for most conscious behavior |
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Definition
| central structure of the brain responsible for most unconscious behavior |
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| structure of the brainstem specialized for coordinating and learning skilled movements. In large brained animals may also play a role in coordinating other mental processes |
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| specialized nerve cell engaged in information processing |
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| part of CNS encased within the vertebrae (spinal column) that provides most of the connection between the brain and the rest of the body |
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| central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| the brain and spinal cord that together mediate behavior |
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Definition
| all the neurons in the body located outside the brain and spinal cord, provides sensory and motor connections to and from the CNS |
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| hypothesis that the movements we make and the movement we perceive in others are central to communication with others |
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| synonym for mind, entity once proposed to be the source of human behavior |
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| proposed nonmaterial entity responsible for intelligence, attention, awareness, and consciousness |
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| explanation of behavior as a function of the nonmaterial mind, Aristotle |
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| philosophical position that holds that both a nonmaterial mind and a material body contribute to behavior. Descartes |
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| quandary of explaining how a nonmaterial mind and a material body interact |
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| philosophical position that holds that behavior can be explained as a function of the brain and the rest of the nervous system without explanatory recourse of the mind, Darwin |
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| Darwin, differential success in the reproduction of different characteristics (phenotypes) results from the interaction of organisms with their environment |
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| group of organisms that can interbreed |
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| individual characteristics that can be seen or measured |
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| particular genetic makeup of an individual |
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| differences in gene expressions related to environment and experience |
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| minimally conscious state |
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Definition
| condition in which a person can display some rudimentary behaviors, such as smiling or uttering words, but is otherwise not conscious |
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Term
| traumatic brain injury (TBI) |
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Definition
| wound to the brain that results from a blow to the head |
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| persistent vegetative state (PVS) |
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Definition
| condition in which a person is alive but unable to communicate or function independently at the most basic level |
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| consensual experiment directed toward developing a treatment |
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| deep brain stimulation (DBS) |
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Definition
| neurosurgery in which electrodes implanted in the brain stimulate a targeted area with a low-voltage electrical current to facilitate behavior |
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| fore bearer from which two or more lineages or family groups arise and so it ancestral to both groups |
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| simple nervous system that has no brain or spinal cord but consists of neurons that receive sensory information and connect directly to other neurons that moves muscles |
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| body plain in which organs or parts present on both sides of the body are mirror images in appearance. Ex. Hands |
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| division into a number of parts that are similar; refers to the idea that many animals, including vertebrates, are composed of similarly organized body segments |
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| connection of nerve cells that function somewhat like a brain |
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| animal that has both a brain and a spinal cord |
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| phylogenetic tree that branches repeatedly, suggesting a taxonomy of organisms based on the time sequence in which evolutionary branches arise |
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| general term referring to primates that walk upright, including all forms of humans |
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Term
| encephalization quotient (EQ) |
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Definition
| Jerison's quantitative measure of brain size obtained from the ratio of actual brain size to expected brain size, according to the principle of proper mass, for an animal of a particular body size |
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| idea that selection for improved brain cooling through increased blood circulation in the brains of early hominids enabled the brain to grow larger |
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| process in which maturation is delayed and so an adult retains infant characteristics; derived from the observation that newly evolved species resemble the young of their common ancestors |
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| behavior that is characteristic of all members of a species |
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| learned behaviors that are passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and experience |
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| the nervous system's potential for physical or chemical change that enhances its adaptability to an environmental change and its ability to compensate for injury |
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| an individuals capacity to develop into more than one phenotype |
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Term
| somatic nervous system (SNS) |
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Definition
| part of the PNS that includes the cranial and spinal nerves to and from the muscles, joints, and skin that produce movement, transmit incoming sensory input, and inform the CNS about the position and movement of body parts |
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| autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
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Definition
| part of the PNS that regulates the functioning of internal organs and glands |
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| conducting toward a CNS structure |
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| conducting away from a CNS structure |
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| the three layers of protective tissue- dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater- that encase the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| anterior, frontal, rostral |
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Definition
| located near or toward the front of an animal or the front of the head |
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| located near or toward the tail of the animal |
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| cut vertically from the crown of the head down; reveals a frontal view |
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on or toward the back of an animal
HUMAN: located above, viewing orientation from above |
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| cut on the horizon, reveals a dorsal view |
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on or toward the belly side of the animal
Brain: located below |
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| toward the side of the body or brain |
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toward the middle, specifically the body's midline
Brain: side view of central structures |
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cut lengthways from the front to back of the skull
Brain: view from side |
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Term
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Definition
| clear solution of sodium chloride and other salts that fills the ventricles inside the brain and circulates around the brain and spinal cord beneath the arachnoid layer in the subarachnoid space |
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| thin, heavily folded film of nerve tissue composed of neurons that is the outer layer of the forebrain (neocortex) |
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| part of the cerebral cortex that functions in connection with hearing, language, and musical abilities; lies below the lateral fissure, beneath the temporal bone at the side of the skull |
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| part of cerebral cortex often generally characterized as performing the brain's "executive" functions, such as decision making; lies anterior to the central sulcus and beneath the frontal bone of the skull |
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| part of the cerebral cortex that functions to direct movements towards a goal to perform a task, such as grasping; lies posterior to the central sulcus and beneath the parietal bone at the top of skull |
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| part of the cerebral cortex where visual processing begins; lies at the back of the brain and beneath the occipital bone |
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| a small protrusion or bump formed by the folding of the cerebral cortex |
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| a groove in brain matter, usually a groove found in the neocortex or cerebellum |
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| sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severely interrupted blood flow |
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Definition
| areas of the nervous system composed predominately of cell bodies and capillary blood vessels that function either to collect and modify information or to support this activity |
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| areas of the nervous system rich in fat-sheathed neural axons that form connections between brain cells |
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| one of four cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain and may play a role in maintaining metabolism |
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| one set of 12 nerve pairs that control sensory and motor functions of the head, neck, and internal organs |
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Definition
| the bones that form the spinal column |
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Definition
| body segment corresponding to a segment of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| the general principle that sensory fibers are located dorsally and motor fibers are located ventrally |
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Definition
| part of the autonomic nervous system, arouses the body for action, such as mediating the involuntary flight-or-fight response |
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Definition
| part of the autonomic nervous system, acts in opposition to the sympathetic--preparing the body to rest and digest by reversing the alarm response |
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Term
| deep brain stimulation (DBS) |
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Definition
| neurosurgery in which electrodes implanted in the brain stimulate a targeted area with a low-voltage electrical current to facilitate behavior |
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Term
| transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
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Definition
| procedure in which a magnetic coil is placed over the skull to stimulate the underlying brain; used either to induce behavior or to disrupt ongoing behavior |
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Definition
| transgenic technique that combines genetics and light to control targeted cells in living tissue |
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Definition
| graded potentials recorded with electrodes placed directly on the brain's surface |
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Definition
| regular wave pattern in an electroencephalogram; found in most people when they are relaxed with closed eyes |
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| event-related potentials (ERPs) |
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Definition
| complex electrocephalographic waveforms related in time to a specific sensory event |
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Definition
| magnetic potentials recorded from detectors placed outside the skull |
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| neurons maximally responsive to specific location in the world |
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Definition
| a small protrusion or bump formed by the folding of the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| areas of nervous systems composed predominately of cell bodies and capillary blood vessels |
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Definition
| areas of the nervous system that are rich in fat-saturated neural axons that forms connections between brain cells |
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Definition
| one of four cavities in brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain and may play a role in maintaining brain metabolism |
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Definition
| band of white matter containing about 200 million nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres to provide direct route of communication |
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Definition
| large connection of axons coursing together OUTSIDE the nervous system |
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Definition
| large collection of axons coursing though the INSIDE the central nervous system |
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| central structures of the brain, including the hindbrain, midbrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus; responsible for most unconscious behavior |
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Definition
| evolutionarily the oldest part of the brain; pons medulla, reticular formation, and cerebellum; coordinates and controls most voluntary and involuntary movements |
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Definition
| midbrain area in which nuclei and fiber pathways are mixed, producing a net-like appearance; associated with sleep-wake behavior and behavioral arousal |
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Definition
| central part of the brain that contains neural circuits for seeing hearing and orienting movements |
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Definition
| Roof of the midbrain, its functions are sensory processing; particularly auditory and visual, and the production of orienting movements |
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| Floor of the midbrain ; a collection of nuclei with movement related, species-specific, and pain perception functions |
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Definition
| the "between brain" that integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex |
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| part of diencephalon that contains many nuclei associated with temperature regulation, eating, drinking and sexual behavior |
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Definition
| part of diencephalon through which information from all sensory systems is integrated and projected into the appropriate region of the neocortex |
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Definition
| evolutionarily the newest part of the brain, coordinates advanced cognitive functions such as thinking, planning, and language; contains limbic system, basal ganglia, and neocortex |
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Definition
| subcortical forebrain nuclei that coordinate voluntary movements of the limbs and body; connected to thalamus and midbrain |
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Definition
| forebrain structures lying between the neocortex and the brainstem that form a functional system for controlling affective and motivated behaviors and certain forms of memory; includes cingulate cortex, amygdala, hippocampus |
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Definition
| one of a set of 12 nerve pairs that control sensory and motor functions of the head, neck, and internal organs |
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Definition
| body segment corresponding to a segment of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| principle that sensory fibers are located dorsally and motor fibers are located ventrally |
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Definition
Sensory: smell
Motor: none |
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Definition
Sensory: vision
Motor: none |
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Definition
Sensory: sensations from eye muscles
Motor: eye movements, pupil constriction |
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Definition
Sensory: sensations from eye muscles
Motor: eye movements |
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Definition
Sensory: skin sensations from face, nose, and mouth
Motor: chewing/swallowing |
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Definition
Sensory: sensations from eye muscles
Motor: eye movements |
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Definition
Sensory: taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, visceral sensations from head
Motor: facial expressions, crying, salvation, and dilation of blood vessels in head |
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| auditory vestibular nerve |
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Definition
Sensory: hearing and equilibrium
Motor: none |
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Definition
Sensory: taste and other sensations from throat and posterior 1/3 of tongue
Motor: swallowing. salvation, dilation of blood vessels |
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Definition
Sensory: taste and other sensations from neck, thorax, and abdomen
Motor: swallowing, control of larynx, parasympathetic nerves to heart and viscera |
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Definition
Sensory: none
Motor: neck muscles, parasympathetic to viscera |
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Definition
Sensory: sensations from tongue muscles
Motor: tongue muscles |
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