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| Austria, issued the Declaration of Pillnitz in 1791 when the 1st coalition was formed in 1791; believed a general European coalition against France to be impossible |
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| First Coalition: formed in 1792, Austrians and Prussians kept their main forces in eastern Europe, more afraid of each other and of Russia in the matter of Poland than of the French revolutionary republic. Main accomplishment of coalition was the extermination of the Polish state. 1795 French broke up coalition. British withdrew their army from the Continent. Prussians made a separate peace, the French bought them off by recognizing them as “protectors” of Germany north of the river Main. Spain also made separate peace in 1795.The world saw the spectacle of an alliance between Bourbon Spain and the republic which had guillotined Louis XVI and kept Louis XVIII from his monarchic rights. Spain simply reverted to the 18th century pattern, in allying with France because of hostility to Great Britain. First Coalition was dispersed when Austria signed the peace of Campo Formio in 1797. |
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| 1799, wasn’t more successful than the first. Russia joined because Bonaparte’s expedition to Egypt introduced a western military force into the Near East. The Russians had their own ambitions in the Mediterranean (expansion). British installed themselves in Malta (taking over from the French) and also defeated the French fleet in the battle of the Nile, cutting off the French army in Egypt. Russians now feared British more than French as rivals within the weakening Ottoman Empire. Became anti-British and therefore mildly pro-French. Unable to agree with the Austrians, and in 1801 they joined in the Armed Neutrality to protect their shipping from search and seizure by British sea power. The acceptance by Austria of the peace of Luneville in 1801 dissolved 2nd Coalition. |
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| 1802-3; very advantageous to France. Austria had again agreed to conditions of Campo Formio. British accepted terms less favorable than those they ahd rejected five years before in this treaty of Amiens. France retained Belgium and the Left Bank fo the Rhine as integral parts of the Republic, and won recognition for its satellites. Britain agreed to retain only Dutch Ceylon and to withdraw from elsewhere. Peace of Amiens so repugnant to british war aims that probably it would not have lasted in any case, but Bonaparte gave it no chance. Used peace as he did war to advance his interests. Despatched a sizable army to Haiti to win back a rebellious French colony, but with the further thought of reviving the French colonial empire in America. He reorganized the Helvetic Republic, making himself “mediator” of the Confederation of Switzerland. Reorganized Germany, or rather closely watched the Germans continue the rearrangement they’d been working on since 1797. |
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| by the treaty of Campo Formio German princes of the Left Bank of the Rhine, expropriated by the annexation of their dominions to the French Republic, were to receive new territories on the Right bank. The result was a scramble—princes competed desperately for the absorption of German territory, each bribing and fawning upon the French to win French support against other Germans. |
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After Sarajevo, Count Leopold von Berchtold, the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, drew up a letter for the Emperor Francis Joseph to sign and send to Wilhelm II to try and convince both of Serbia's responsibility.
On July 6th, Wilhelm II and his Imperial Chancellor, Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, telegrammed Berchtold that Austria-Hungary could rely that Germany would support whatever action was necessary to deal with Serbia -- in effect offering von Berchtold a 'blank check.' |
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| by this German princes of the left bank of the Rhine, expropriated by annexation of their dominions to the French Republic, were to receive now territories on Right Bank; result was a scrample called the "shame of princes" |
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| The British accepted terms less favorable than those they had rejected five years before. France retained Belgium and the Left Bank fo the Rhine as integral parts of the Republic, and won recognition for its satellites. Britain agreed to retain only Dutch Ceylon and to withdraw from elsewhere. Peace of Amiens so repugnant to british war aims that probably it would not have lasted in any case, but Bonaparte gave it no chance. |
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| 1807; the result of coversations between Napoleon and The Prussian King Frederick William III. This in many ways was the high point of Napoleon's success. The French and Russian empires became allies, mainly against Great Britain. Alliance lasted for 5 years. |
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| ended the Revolutionary Wars and was a major French triumph. After their defeat at Marengo on 14 June 1800 the Austrians had agreed to the Convention of Alessandria, in which they had surrendered much of northern Italy, and had begun negotiations. However they were still bound by their alliance with Great Britain, in which they had agreed not to make a separate peace with France until 1 February 1801, in return for a large British subsidy. |
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| 1805; Britain refused to evacuate Malta; Bonaparte protested; and Britain declared war in May of 1803. Bonapart's communications w/ America was manaced by the British navy, and his army in haiti was decimated by disease and rebellious Negros. Suspended his ideas for recreating an American empire & sold Louisiana to the U.S. Britain began to seek allies for a 3rd Coalition. Napoleon becomes Emperor of France in 1804 to ensure permanance. In 1805 Austria signed an alliance w/ Great Britain & the 3rd Coalition was completed by the accession of the Russian Tar Alexander I. |
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| Grandson of Catherine the Great-- she educated him on the 18th century model of ruling. Became tsar in 1801; wished to restore unity of Poland with himself as Constitutional King; thought of himself as a rival to Napoleon in guiding destinies of Europe in age of change; Ready to enter 3rd coalition w/ GB-- signed treaty w/ England in 1805 |
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| established supremacy of British navy; Napoleon proceeded to control Europe-- moving east came upon Russian & Austrian armies, Dec. 2 won great victory of Austerlitz; Russian army withdrew into Poland & Austria made peace. |
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| Napoleon took Venetia from Austrians, to whom he had given it in 1797, and annexed it to his kingdom of Italy; GRE formally dissolved |
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| result of Bonapart and Alexander's conversation (treaty of 1807); high point of Napoleon's success. French and Russian empire became allies, mainly against GB |
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| Napoleon's foreign minister--betrayed Napoleon to Alexander (told him he thought Napoleon was overreaching himself) |
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| wanted to renew good relations w/ Franch (German from W. of Rhine-- taking care of foreig affairs-- knew Napoleon bc previously was Austrian Ambassador to Paris). Through him Napoleon met his second wife, Marie Louis, Mettrinich's daughter (Marie Antoinette's niece); bore son whom he entitled king of Rome |
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| Stages of French occupation |
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| 1) Military conquest and occupation 2)Establishment of native satellite government 3) Sweeping internal reform and reorganization modeled on Bonaparte's program for France |
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| dominated whole continent except Portugal and the Balkan peninsula. Russia, Prussia, and Austria had been forced into alliance and he made his brothers Kings of Spain, Holland, & Westphalia. Brother-in-law king of Naples, step-son vice roy of Italy |
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| Napoleon prohibited importation of British goods into continent of Europe |
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| Anglo-American war; few results except to show inefficiency of military in new republic (wanted to drive British from N. American mainland) |
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| proposition from Mettrinich to Napoleon; Napoleon remained French Emperor & retained "natural" frontier on the Rhine |
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| GB, Russia, Prussia, Austria |
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| Includes Prussia and Austria |
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| Boundaries of 1815 Europe |
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| (which remained until Italian War of 1859, which led to unification of Italy); France reduced to 1789 borders, Prussia installed on both banks of the Rhine, S. Germany still under reorganization of Napoleon, Austrians added Venitia to what they had before 1796, Russia acquired Finland Bessarabia, and part of Poland |
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| Commonly known as the Ausgleich; esentially a bargain between the Germans of Austri-Bohemia and the Magyars of Hungary. It worked to the common disadvantage of the Slavs. Created a dual monarchy, of a kind unparalleled in Europe. Empire of Austria on west side of the Leith river, east of it was the Kingdom of Hungary. |
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| The Emancipation Act of 1861 |
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| The Emancipation Act was issued by the Russian Emperor Alexander II on March 3, 1861. By this act all peasants, or serfs, were set free from personal dependence on their landlords, acquired civil rights, and were granted participation in social and economic activities as free citizens. |
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| anarchist Bajunin and his desciple Nechaiev's publication which called for terrorism not only against tsarist officials but against liberals also. Also wrote "Catechism of a Revolutionist" |
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| Industrial Advances of the 19th Century |
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| Steam engine was refined and improved, internal combustion/gasoline engine, diesel engine, and electricity had made their appearances. Economical processes for refining iron ore magnified demand for coal and iron, and made it possible to expand steel production; aluminum and other metal alloys soon rivaled steel. Development of mass-production and assembly-line techniques, machines to make machines. Railraods grew, invention of automobile and eventually airplanes, & oil became one of the most coveted of natural resources. |
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| 1799-1804; French government established after the Coup of 18 – 19 Brumaire. The Constitution of the Year VIII created an executive consisting of three consuls, but the First Consul, Napoleon, wielded all real power, while the other two, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes and Pierre-Roger Ducos (1747 – 1816), were figureheads. The principles of representation and legislative supremacy were discarded. The executive branch was given the power to draft new laws, and the legislative branch became little more than a rubber stamp. Elections became an elaborate charade, with voters stripped of real power. Napoleon abolished the Consulate when he declared himself emperor. |
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| Confederation of the Rhine |
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| 1806; Union of all the states of Germany, except Austria and Prussia, under the aegis of Napoleon. Napoleon's primary interest in the confederation, which enabled the French to unify and dominate the country, was as a counterweight to Austria and Prussia. The confederation was abolished after Napoleon's fall from power, but the consolidation it entailed contributed to the movement for German unification. |
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| 1814; In France, the period that began when Napoleon abdicated and the Bourbon monarchs were restored to the throne. The First Restoration occurred when Napoleon fell from power and Louis XVIII became king. Louis's reign was interrupted by Napoleon's return to France (see Hundred Days), but Napoleon was forced to abdicate again, leading to the Second Restoration. The period was marked by a constitutional monarchy of moderate rule (1816 – 20), followed by a return of the ultras during the reign of Louis's brother, Charles X (1824 – 30). Reactionary policies revived the opposition liberals and moderates and led to the July Revolution, Charles's abdication, and the end of the Bourbon Restoration. |
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| Hundred Days; Waterloo 1815 |
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| n the Battle of Waterloo (Sunday 18 June 1815[5] near Waterloo, Belgium) forces of the French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte and Michel Ney were defeated by those of the Seventh Coalition, including an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blücher. It was the decisive battle of the Waterloo Campaign and Bonaparte's last. The defeat at Waterloo put an end to Napoleon's rule as the French emperor, and marked the end of Napoleon's Hundred Days of return from exile. |
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| U.S. foreign-policy statement first enunciated by Pres. James Monroe on Dec. 2, 1823, declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization. *PROTECTS FORMER SPANISH COLONIES IN C. & S. AMERICAS* Concerned that the European powers would attempt to restore Spain's former colonies, he declared that any attempt by a European power to control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the U.S. In 1904 Pres. Theodore Roosevelt added the Roosevelt Corollary, stating that in the event of flagrant wrongdoing by a Latin American state, the U.S. had the right to intervene in its internal affairs. |
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| 1814-15; Principle objective was to suppress reform movements. Assembly that reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. The powers of the Quadruple Alliance had concluded the Treaty of Chaumont just before Napoleon's first abdication and agreed to meet later in Vienna. There they were joined by Bourbon France as a major participant and by Sweden and Portugal; many minor states also sent representatives. The principal negotiators were Klemens, prince von Metternich, representing Francis II (Austria); Alexander I (Russia); Frederick William III and Karl August, prince von Hardenberg (Prussia); Viscount Castlereagh (Britain); and Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand (France). The Congress reduced France to its 1789 borders. A new kingdom of Poland, under Russian sovereignty, was established. To check possible future aggression by France, its neighbours were strengthened |
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| The Austro-Hungarian Empire |
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| Linguistically and culturally heterogenous, consisting of Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenians, Poles, Hungarians, Ukranians, Romanians. Natinoalist movements threaten to destroy Empire. |
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| The Oath of the Tennis Courts |
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| (June 20, 1789) Oath taken by deputies of the Third Estate in the French Revolution. Believing that their newly formed National Assembly was to be disbanded, the deputies met at a nearby tennis court when they were locked out of their usual meeting hall at Versailles. They vowed never to separate until a written constitution was established for France. Their solidarity forced Louis XVI to order the clergy and the nobility to join with the Third Estate in the National Assembly. |
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| single legal code which would apply to entire natino of France for 1st time k(end of state-building process). Equal civil rights for all individuals. |
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| What Napoleon's Empire looked like: |
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| Military vicories ended resistance throughout w. Europe; reforms imposed on conquered territories: Aristocracies abolished, church disestablished, feudalism abolished, education science and culture supported |
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| 3 Different Schools of Painting: Romanticism (early 1800s), Realism (1850s emerges), Impressionism (1974 emerges) |
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| "Execution of Maximilian" |
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| Manet, Excellent depiction of realism |
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| a self-identified group regarding selves as forming a community and demand self-government within their own state |
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| often involves speaking a common language, blonging to a single ethnic group, or sharing a common religion. None of these is sufficient or necessary condition for a shared national identity, and the people themselves subjectively define the boundaries of their national group. |
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| all people in a country share a common national identity, regard selves as forming a community (distinct from others), and govern themselves within their own state. The boundaries of a nation correspond with the boundaries of the state. |
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| State-building in Italy which occured very late (mid 19th century) |
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| Kingdom of Sardinia leads the Italian state-building process |
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| Main 3 Italian Nationalist Italian Propagandists |
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| Giuseppe Verdi (opera composer), Vincenzo Gioberti (priest), and Guiseppe Mazzini (essayist and political activist,focused on Italian state-building and nationalism) |
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| Leaders of the Risorgimento |
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Definition
Count Cavour (Piedmontese aristocrat and prime minister)&
Garibaldi (professional revolutionary and anti-clerical) |
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a pivotal event during the French Revolution. The Oath was a pledge signed by all but one members from the Third Estate and a few members of the First Estate during a meeting of the Estates-General of 20 June 1789 in a tennis court building near the Palace of Versailles. On the morning of 20 June the deputies were shocked to discover that the doors to their chamber were locked and guarded by soldiers. Immediately fearing the worst and anxious that a royal coup by King Louis XVI was imminent, the deputies congregated in a nearby indoor real tennis court where they took a solemn collective oath "never to separate, and to meet wherever circumstances demand, until the constitution of the kingdom is established and affirmed on solid foundations."
The deputies pledged to continue to meet until a constitution had been written, despite the royal prohibition. The oath was both a revolutionary act, and an assertion that political authority derived from the people and their representatives rather than from the monarch himself. Their solidarity forced Louis XVI to order the clergy and the nobility to join with the Third Estate in the National Assembly. |
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| October 1860 Garibaldi hands over the outh of Italy to Victor Emanuelle and Pedmontese state. |
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| French Declarations of the Rights of Man |
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| ideas from the Enlightenment, 10 years after the American Declaration of Independence-- a lot of ideas from it |
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| Address to the German Nation |
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| nationalism; how Germany differed from other states of Europe |
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| gave rights to every man; can't be acused w/out due process for example |
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| Committee of Public Safety was basically a lynch mob, likked anyone who was associated w/ aristocracy; Robes Pierre was the one who wanted to kill everyone, but the comittee ended up turning against him and he was guillotined. |
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| wanted to take over Europe; great leader during the French Revolution. Came in after all the guillotines and nobility was gone-- the people were looking for a leader. His Grand Armee (brigade) tried to take Russia, but fell in Russia. He was the leader closest to unifying Europe. |
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| 1744-1803; wrote "Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind"; a Protestant pastor and theologian who thought those who tried to imitate the French was shallow and artificial. He believed Germans were different from French, and that all true culture or civilization must arise from native roots. Believed in Voksgeist, or national character of each individual. He did not believe the nations to be in conflict, but insisted that they were different. He did not believe German culture to be the best. His philosophy set forth a cultural nationalism. |
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| German philosopher who expected all peoples to progress along the same path of reason and enlightenment toward the same civilization. |
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| 1762-1814; philosopher and professor; "Speeches to the German Nation" (1808) infuses political component into non-political nationalism of Herder |
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| Mid-late 19th Century; "survival of the fittest"; idea that there is an evolutionary mechanism working; people translated this and applied it to society which doesn't necessarily work; ex. sense of superiority in Germany. |
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March-May 1871, seemed to be another explosion of social revolution. Patriotic and republican, anti-German, opposed to wealthy bourgeois, aristocrats and clergy, in favor of government controls upon prices, wages and working condidtions, but still not socialist in any sweeping or systematic way. It existed before the split between anarchists and socialists had taken place, and it is hailed by both groups as the first assumption of power by the working class. Debates over the policies and outcome of the Commune contributed to the break between those two political groups.
In a formal sense, the Paris Commune was simply the local authority, the city council (in French, the "commune"), which exercised power in Paris for two months in the spring of 1871. However, the conditions in which it was formed, its controversial decrees, and its ignominious end makes its tenure one of the more important political episodes of the time. |
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| exiled from his native Prussia because of his political radicalism; All societies divided into classes were doomed to destruction as a result of internal conflict between social groups who owned property versus those who did not. Marx argued that labor was the source of all value, but capitalism alienated workers from the fruits of their labor. 1818-1883 |
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| 1870-1900; differed from earlier colonialism economically & politically; think about sending business overseas now (lower wages, lower costs, exploitation, etc.) |
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| 1848-9 Main goal was to unify Germany under one government |
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| In 1861, at the end of the first phase of the Italian state-building process, which country station troops in Rome to protect remaining Papal Estates until 1870? |
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| The Dual Monarchy ruled over which country? |
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| What did the Chartists do? |
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| Petitioned for political rights |
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| the nature of a people at the core of the true character of a nation |
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| Manet; Realist, controversial bc naked woman @ picniv is very real, not idealized, may be a hooker w/ clients |
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| Claude Monet, Impressionist, Similar to Van Gough's painting bc of brush strokes (moon similar to that of starry night) |
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| "The Fighting Termeraire" |
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| Turner; lots of orange, blurry, ships in harbour and a steamboat; impressionism |
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| Characteristics of Impressionism |
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Definition
| Less interest in what we see, more on how we see it; Subjects not distinctive (more concentraion on color & light); Greatest concern w/ quality of light, juxtaposition of complementary colors (used to be diff. to get mult. color bc extracted from herbs); Short, choppy brushstrokes produce intentionally blurred portrayal of objects |
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| Monet, Impressionism; train station, blues & yellows; another one is the same painting but cloudy day, only gray used |
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| "Rouen Cathedral: Full Sun" |
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| Monet; series of front of Cathedral at different times of day/weather |
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| Auguste Renoir; light shining on people through leaves, famous dance hall in Paris, bright out, full of people, colorful (reminds me of Godfather wedding) |
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| Camille Pissaro; bustle of urban life, carriages, people, sky view of main street |
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| "Rehearsal of the Ballet on Stage" |
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Definition
| mostly black and white, reminds me of Moulin Rouge because of lighting |
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| House of Parliament, Gothic revival 1834+ |
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| Gothic techniques, gargoyles, spires (Architecture 1865-1885) |
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| Gothic & Neogothic (Architecture 1865-1885) |
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Definition
| Goth & Neogoth (Architecture 1865-1885) |
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| Hungarian parliament building |
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Definition
| horse in front; neogeoth & goth (Architecture 1865-1885) |
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Definition
| neobaroque (looks neogothic but is adorned w/ big clunky statues)(Architecture 1865-1885) |
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| Baroque (Architecture 1865-1885) |
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| Fetes (Festivals from 3 Nocturns) 1885-1912 |
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| Impressionism; Evokes moods, Exotic harmonies, Relies on allusion and understatement *Abandonment of 8 Note Scale* |
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Definition
| Music = Impressionism, Art = Post-impressionism, Architecture = creativity |
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| 2 Principal Impressionist Composers |
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Definition
| Claude Debussy & Maurice Ravel |
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Term
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Definition
| Claude Debussy composition; mainly hear violins and maybe a harp; interspersed w/ light horn |
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Definition
| Reaction against impressinoism's fixatino on momentary sensations of light and color; greater concern w/ subject matter (often symbolic of deeper meaning); abandonment of bright cheerfulness of impressionism-- often dark and disturbing |
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Term
| Post-Impressionism vs. Impressionism |
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Definition
| Post took subject matter very seriously |
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Definition
| "Scientific" treatment of light decomposed into its component parts; abandons continuous color surface, breaking up light into isolated dots of pure color; George Seurat |
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Term
| "Sunday on la Grande Jatte" |
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Definition
| George Seurat (1859-1891) pointilism/divisionalism; people sitting on grass w/ dresses/suits & hats/tophats |
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Term
| "Self Portrait" Paul Gauguin |
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Definition
| abstract, bright, colorful, apples hanging by his head |
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| 3 Prominent Post-Impressionism |
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Definition
| Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gough, Henri de Toulouse |
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Definition
| sharp contrast of colors, exotic paintings; "The Day of God" nude Indians on beach, lots of orange and red |
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| bold use of color, strong brush strokes, think app of paint, use of symbolism to express human drama and anguish; "Self Portrait", "The Starry Night", "The Night Cafe" very yellow, red walls, green ceiling and pool table |
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| Henri de Toulouse-lautrec |
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Definition
| DWARF; Grim satire & devastating caricature of French society. Subject matter often nightlife of Paris, prostitutes, entertainers, social outcasts, artificial light, distorted colors "At the Moulin Rouge" |
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Definition
| Antoni Gaudi: rejection of the banality and squalor of industrial mass production, use new construction materials to realize novel, artistically creative forms, "organic" shapes and textures instead of flat surfaces & right angles; frequent incorporation of mosaics and exuberant ornamentation (weird shapes, anything but ordinary) |
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Term
| Art Nouveau Architecture, Antoni Gaudi |
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Definition
| Downtown Barcelona- blue and white odly wavy tower |
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Definition
| 1973 built by antoni gaudi; tall, curved towers w/ windows (front angle like Cinderella's castle) |
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Definition
| Transition from the "good life" to much more trying times; Explosion of Artistic Innovation: Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism, Constructivism, Surrealism, Abstract Surrealism; Most came about from experimentation & the random exposure of the artist |
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Definition
| Waltzes from Der Rosenkavalier 1911 |
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Definition
| Gustar Klint: Symbolism (w/ Art Nouveau ornamentation); objects convey "deeper meaning"-- looks like a big skull w/ lots of color and pictures w/ in (ppl, swirls, shapes) |
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Definition
| Oskar Kokoschka; impressionism; swirling colors, mainly dark blue, husband and wife laying together |
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Definition
| Otto Dix; expressionsim; bright, sharply contrasting colors, savage critique of society and politics; Skeleton, ox head, witch (like from snow white), big baby head, woman grasping breast |
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Definition
| Pablo Picasso; non-cubist painting w/ early hing of cubist technique; older woman sitting (black dress, white collar, gold brooch, 1 eye smaller) |
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Term
| "The Twilight of La Belle Epoch" |
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Definition
| Orangey, outside of a building, ppl having dinner inside, talking outside (looks like country club) |
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Definition
| Nevinson; looks like tie dye |
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| "Self Portrait" Ernest Ludwig Kirchner |
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Definition
| he and a naked woman, very skewed, looks similar to Picasso piece, he is in military attire and has no hand. |
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Term
| "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" |
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Definition
| cubism; objects broken up & reassembled; 1 woman looks like a baboon, 1 squating, grapes on table |
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Definition
| Georges Braque; part just blue other parts lots of color-- almost like a wheel |
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Definition
| Picasso; all greyish-green, doggish dragon, bullish figure, light like like the sun, 2 people screaming, 1 dead on ground |
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Definition
| Salvador Dali: surrealism-- melting clocks |
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| Juan Miro, abstract surrealism, reds, oranges, yellows (blocks), random black shapes |
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