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| Outside the United States, americanization is the influence the US has on culture of other countries, such as their popular culture, cuisine, technology, business practices, or political techniques. Within the US, the term refers to the process of acculturation by immigrants or annexed populations to American customs and values |
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| Absence of a centralized legitimate authority |
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| racial discrimination in South Africa. was a system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced through legislation by the National Party governments, the ruling party from 1948 to 1994, under which the rights, associations, and movements of the majority black inhabitants were curtailed and Afrikaner minority rule was maintained. |
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| A strategy to create a single national identity out of diverse populations. It may be repressive or non-coercive |
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| Anarchic global structure leads to countries not trusting each other, which leads to countries pursuing their own interest. At the core of the balance of power theory is the idea that national security is enhanced when military capabilities are distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others. |
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| A bipolar system has two predominant states or two great rival alliance blocs, IR scholars do not agree about whether bipolar systems are relatively peaceful or warlike |
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| Brazil, Russia, India, and China. The acronym has come into widespread use as a symbol of the apparent shift in global economic power away from the developed G7 economies towards the developing world. When used as BRICS, also includes South Africa. |
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| Resources or power any international actor can bring to bear to achieve its goals and defend its interests |
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| Refers to goods used in the production of other good or services, e.g. the machinery and tools in a factory |
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| Savings that can be used for investment in the means for producing goods and services, typically expenditures for plant and equipment |
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| an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state; emphasizes money and is market oriented |
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| an association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition; like an international monopoly |
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| Composite index of national capability→ a statistical measure of national power created by J. David Singer for the Correlates of War project in 1963. It uses an average of percentages of world totals in six different components. The components represent demographic, economic, and military strength. More recent studies tend to use the (CINC) score, which “focuses on measures that are more salient to the perception of true state power” beyond GDP. It is still “among the best-known and most accepted methods for measuring national capabilities.” The CINC only measures hard powers and may not represent total national power. |
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| A function performed by alliances that pool power or capabilities of state members to balance or countervail against the power of other states, alliances, or other coalitions. The right to individual and collective defense is legally recognized by Article 51 of the UN Charter |
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| Was key legal concept underlying the League of Nations, the idea that if one state behaved aggressively, then states had a legal right to enforce international law against aggression by taking collective action to stop it |
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| Economic free-trade principle associated with David Ricardo’s work in classical economies. Ricardian economics holds that countries tend to specialize in producing those goods and services for export in which they are most efficient or have a comparative advantage, importing from other countries those goods and services in which their production is relatively less efficient. In a free-trade environment there would be, according to theory, a global specialization or division of labor with aggregate productivity maximized. |
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| Countries devalue their currencies, making exports cheaper to foreign buyers and imports more expensive to domestic buyers. Improves international competitiveness temporarily-until another country lowers their currency more. |
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| 19th century association of states that devised the rules of great-power competition following the Napoleonic Wars and settlement at the Congress of Vienna (1815) The five most powerful states (Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, and France) tried, with some success, to cooperate on major issues to prevent war. Examples of multipolarity. Effort by policymakers in major European powers to create a society of states by devising rules of conduct and maintaining a balance of power through regular diplomatic meetings. Longest period of european stability. |
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| Constructivism: (identity |
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| International relations are socially constructed as opposed to being the result of natural or structural elements. Emphasizes ideas, values, norms, and identities. Limitations-Better at describing the past than anticipating the future. Beliefs- International system is made up of shared ideas, values, and social identities. |
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| made shipping faster and more efficient, thus gave growth to globalization. Idea came about when Malcom McLean thought it would be simpler to place his truck bed on the ship directly in 1937. |
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| US strategy during the Cold War to deal with the Soviet Union. Through support to democratic states and forces, the building up of robust military forces, the creation of military alliances, and supporting capitalist economic development, it was hoped the Soviet Union specifically and communism in general could be “contained” or confined within existing borders |
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| The Delian League, founded in 478 BC, was an association of Greek city-states, members numbering between 150 to 173, under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece. |
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| strand of liberalism that argues international politics is crucially influenced by the regime type of the state. Basically, Democracies don’t fight wars with each other. Citizens in democracies perceive other democracies to be less threatening than non-democracies. Note: This doesn’t mean democracies are generally more peaceful, they still engage in military campaigns with non-democracies. Still, a lot of empirical evidence in support of this theory. Looks best when looking at liberal democracies. |
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| Measures relating to population, including overall numbers; life, death, and social statistics; categorization (such as national, ethnic, tribal, racial, cultural affiliations); and, more broadly, implications of such variables for human beings as form of political economy or political regime, war or domestic strife, and climate change or other environmental factors |
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| things that can be explained or accounted for (Y) |
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| An easing or relaxing of tensions between states, as in the late 1960s and 1970s between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies |
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| The production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Discussions of the economy generally focus on a particular state and society, but the growth of an international or global economy has expanded the focus to regional and global economies and the interdependence and interconnectedness of economies and economic actors such as multinational corporations and banks that cross national boundaries. Economic concerns can also be viewed from the perspective of individuals or groups |
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| an economic and political partnership between 27 european countries designed to ensure peace, stability, and prosperity by helping to raise living standards |
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| a political concept in which a group of members is bound together by covenant with a governing representative head. The term "federalism" is also used to describe a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (such as states or provinces). |
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| generally seen as an approach to IR, not a theory. IR as a discipline. Looking at women in politics, but some deeper critiques as well. |
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| Power is claimed by a diverse group of governmental units including kings, barons, trading houses, and popes in a very decentralized system. Example: pre-reformation christian church in Rome (Catholics). |
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| First, Second, Third World |
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| First world (also the “North”) is composed of more developed countries and includes North America, Europe and Japan. Generally these places are more capitalist. Third World refers to less developed countries and was started by French Socialists who gave the word a positive meaning (although today, it’s generally not a positive word) “South” includes Africa, South America, parts of Asia... |
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| Foreign Direct Investment |
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| money invested in countries aside from one’s own |
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| In the purest sense, free trade is commerce unobstructed by tariffs, quotas, or other barriers to trade, particularly the absence of government interference in market transactions |
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| General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs. was a multilateral agreement regulating international trade. |
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| Gross Domestic Product, GNP-return of foreign investment. One of the primary indicators used to gauge the health of a country’s economy. It represents the total dollar value of all goods and services produced over a specific time period - you can think of it as the size of the economy. |
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| Short version→ Male and female are sex categories, while masculine and feminine are gender categories. |
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| early approach to international relations that explained national power and state behavior in terms of physical geography. |
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| The gradual worldwide emergence of the rule of law and networks of relationships among people in a world composed of both state and nonstate actors |
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| encompasses the entire globe and is characterized by economic and technological interdependence and diverse actors |
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| The continual increase in transnational and worldwide economic, social, and cultural interactions that transcend the boundaries of states, aided by the advances in technology |
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| Gross National Income→ GNP minus indirect business taxes |
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| one or more states dominate the system. domestic affairs are left up to the discretion of the independent state. |
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| depiction of human activities over physical terrain. Basically, the use of maps to depict human activity. |
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| A proposition subject to empirical test for its veracity |
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| political implications of individuals identifying with religious, national ethnic or clan values (kurds, serbs, czechs) |
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| organization of human groups based on shared human traits. In IR: values, cultures, and people within a state border; sometimes ethnic, tribal or other identities extend beyond borders. |
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| A general perspective of international relations and world politics. Different images can allow us to interpret events differently, which can lead to the most accurate worldview. |
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| International Monetary Fund, washington based international organization that seeks to maintain international liquidity-the availability of foreign currencies used to make international payments for imports of goods and services from abroad. |
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| consists of separate societal units associated by regular interaction, but one among them asserts political supremacy. this supremacy usually manages the domestic affairs of the units. |
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| (A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force) In its classic meaning, a position or policy of preeminence or dominance with respect to foreign elements as in the Roman or British empires. Imperialism in earlier centuries involved the establishment of colonies staffed by personnel (administrators, military troops, missionaries) from the imperial country or metropole, which reflected what is known as colonialism. |
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| Includes political entities that each have the power to make foreign policy and domestic decisions. Sovereignty is regarded with primacy. States recognize and take part in the overarching international system. The collective action by actors in the international system constrains any rising powers from threatening the interdependence of states |
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| factor used to explain some kind of outcome or effect |
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| a situation in which actions and events in one state affect people of another state and assume some degree of a reciprocal effect |
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| affects behavior of states, binding rules or law that transcend borders and apply to states as well as individuals or organizations or corporations |
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| International Organizations (IO’s) |
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Organizations composed of states that cover a range of issues from security to the economy. They also strengthen and implement shared values or norms. Have grown in number and significance.
Regional examples: NATO, the EU, or the African Union
Universal Examples: the United Nations |
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| study of interactions between states as the primary actors in the international system. Strictly defined→ concerns the relationships among the world’s national governments. Part of political science, IR is about international politics. Covers aspects of economics, geography, and history. Subfields include security and the political economy. |
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| Four types. Each is unique in regards to the particular units within the system, as well as how they function. The characteristics of world politics are always changing and being shaped by individuals |
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| a right to govern and exercise power based on popular acceptance. |
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| A way to organize thinking about and analysis of world politics. Individuals, groups, states and their societies, or the overall international system are separate points of focus, each illuminating some aspect of international relationships. Such levels of analysis help scholars to be systematic in their approach to understanding world politics. In examining a phenomenon such as war, for example, the observer may identify possible causes as a characteristic of the international system, states and their societies, groups or individuals |
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| A Pluralist perspective that includes states, but looks beyond them to observe the roles individuals play as well as the activities of both international and nongovernmental organizations in world politics |
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| a theory of early capitalism that saw the wealth of nations as a function of the gold and other treasure it could accumulate. States began to play a major role in the economy, seeking to accrue wealth by running trade surpluses with other states. Ultimately this would provide the means for war and conquest. Authoritarian state bureaucracies would form to regulate and protect commerce. |
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| The doctrine or belief there is only one God |
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| Distribution of power in more than two centers of power |
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| is a single people with a common identity (nation) who live in a given state (such as Japan or Germany) |
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| people with a common identity who have formed a nation-state or aspire to do so |
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| This term is associated with states, and all states at a minimum typically seek not only to survive, but also to achieve economic vitality (or at least viability) and the protection of what they deem to be their core values |
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| Promoting national identity, usually to the exclusion of other, competing identities and legitimizing actions of state taken for national purposes. Nations without states often solidify movements to establish a nation-state around nationalist themes |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization- Formed in 1949 during the cold war, NATO is an alliance or collective defense organization now headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. Since the end of the Cold War, other Central and Eastern European states have become members or established links with NATO in a Partnership for Peace. In addition to its UN charter Article 51 collective defense status, NATO also performs collective security, peacekeeping, and other tasks under UN auspices. |
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| relations between former colonial ruler and a former colony and other relations |
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| Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO’s): |
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Definition
organizations composed of non-state actors (individuals and other organizations). Fall into four categories:
Private sector economic organizations→ corporations and financial institutions as members
transnational→ organizations with political, social, or economic agendas
Humanitarian→ apolitical organizations that provide humanitarian relief
non-state armed groups→ transnational criminal organizations and terrorist groups |
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| functions like peer pressure: as people witness others adhering to particular standard of behavior, they are more likely to conform to that standard of behavior as well |
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| Values that states or peoples over time take seriously and which influence behavior; for instance, a belief in universal human rights. Norms may also erode over time; for example, the prohibition against intervention in the internal affairs of a state |
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| North refers to advanced-industrial and postindustrial, high income, first world countries and societies generally in northern parts of the northern hemisphere (with such notable exceptions as Australia and New Zealand). The South being composed of the less industrially developed, lower income, third world countries that tend to be located further south, including most countries in the southern hemisphere |
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| Given the general name of interests, objectives are more specific goals that any international actor may choose to pursue. For example, a concern for the security and welfare of a state with a long coastline that depends on foreign trade would likely lead its policymakers to view protection of sea lanes as an important national objective. |
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| A Form of government in which the head of the government (the prime minister) and cabinet are also members of the legislature. In the United Kingdom, for example, there is a fusion of powers between the executive and legislative branches |
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| (1648) Ended the Thirty Years War and established more formally the sovereignty or right of princes to exercise authority over the people in territories within their jurisdictions and to be autonomous in the conduct of foreign relations. The prince or sovereign authority could even determine the religion of the inhabitants of a state |
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| depictions of terrain such as continents, mountains, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Contact between communities in the international system makes geography significant |
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| The intersection of politics (or authoritative choice) with economics, which is concerned with seemingly unlimited wants in a world of relative scarcity of resources |
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| The belief or worship of more than one God |
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| Where there is anarchy, power is the only controlling factor. Power is the capability to ward off pressure or coercion while being able to influence others. Power is Relative and thus a Zero-sum Game |
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| Strong powers reside in the office of the president as chief executive separate from legislative authority; presidential governments include the United States and France |
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| Policies intended to favor the market position of a country’s industries and other producers by imposing tariffs or quotas on imports, subsidizing production, and other measures |
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| comparative case studies, historical methods, and reasoned arguments. Example: observing violence levels within Iraq. |
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| Opposite qualitative, it is the use of statistics data and measures to explain an outcome |
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| Focus on power and a balance of power among states. An image of international relations or world politics with a history spanning back more than two thousand years. Emphasis on the struggle for power and influence among units who act in a rational, unitary manner in pursuit of objectives grounded in separate interests. The existence of independent states acting individually creates a dynamic centered around competition and violence. |
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| A German term referring to foreign policy ordered or motivated by power politics. As Thucydides commented on the conflict between ancient Athens and Melos, the strong (Athens) do what they will and the weak (Melos) do what they must |
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| Sets of rules and associated IO’s that regulate, coordinate, and manage the relations of a particular issue. Important in sustaining commerce because they require all actors to follow generally accepted rules of buying/trading and importing/exporting, without these rules the volume of global trade would decrease dramatically |
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| acquiring so much power that other countries form a coalition against that one power (can lead to arms race) |
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| For realists, the basic survival and protection of the state. Pluralists or liberals have a more expansive definition, also applying the concept to individuals and groups on people. In fact, the state may be not a provider of security, but rather a threat to the security of many people |
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| the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government. |
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| every country must fend for its own interest and survival |
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| social appeal is a significant source of power |
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| A claim to political authority based on territory and autonomy, historically associated with the modern state. Internally it is the right claimed by states to exercise exclusive political authority over a defined geographic space or territory; it also includes the claim to a right to autonomy. No external actor such as another state enjoys authority within the borders of the state. A sovereign state claims a right to exercise internal sovereignty over its territory and external sovereignty in terms of relations with other states- no one has the right to tell a state how to conduct its domestic or foreign relations. States differ in power, but as sovereign entities they are in principle, legal equals. |
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| Consists of a territory with defined boundaries, a population (with or without a common identity), a government or administration, and recognition as a sovereign state by other sovereign states. The state is viewed as the key actor in international or world politics |
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| Taxes placed by a government on imported goods from other countries |
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| geographic area under administrative control of an overriding authority |
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| Factual or known through observation; theories are interrelated propositions that aim to explain or predict what is observed. A way of making the world better understood; creates more precise descriptions of things we observe; interpreting facts and identifying irregularities or repetitions of observed phenomena. |
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| One great power. A hegemon--US is currently a hegemon. The UK in the 19th century. |
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| state that concentrate all political authority or power in one government in its capital city; most states are of this kind (ex. Japan, UK, France, Italy, Argentina) |
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| an international organization created in 1944, currently designed to be a source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world. |
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| encompasses states as well as other transnational actors like IO’s and NGO’s. Greater inclusiveness does not necessarily equate to peace and world politics do not occur in the same way everywhere, with different issues being more or less significant in different regions of the world. |
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| (World Trade Organization) Continued GATT work of reducing trade barriers and fostering an open trading environment on global level. WTO is the only trade forum where all countries have Veto power. It holds all participants accountable for trade violations. |
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| constructivism- (identity) |
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Definition
| international relations are socially constructed as opposed to being the result of natural or structural elements |
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| focus on power and balance of power among states. actors have a fixed nature that is and always will be self-interested and security conscious |
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| a pluralist perspective that includes states, but looks beyond the to observe the roles individuals play as well as the activities of both international and nongovernmental organizations in world politics |
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