Term
| Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) |
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Definition
| international agencies or bodies established by states and controlled by member states that deal with areas of common interests |
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Term
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Definition
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau reasoned that war was the product of the sovereign relationship among states. Peace could be attained if states gave up their sovereignty and invested it in a higher, federal body.
- Federalism suggests that states join together with other states and sovereignty will be transferred to the collectivity.
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- _____________ is the philosophy of mind is the doctrine that what makes something a mental state of a particular type does not depend on its internal constitution, but rather on the way it functions, or the role it plays, in the system of which it is a part. ____________ starts out small
- War is caused by economic deprivation and that states are not suitable units to resolve these problems.They promote building on and expanding the habits of cooperation nurtured by groups of technical experts. Eventually, those habits will spill over into cooperation in political and military affairs.
- In the long run, economic disparities will lessen and war will be eliminated.
- Start small and build on it
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Definition
are available to all members of the group regardless of individual contributions.
The use of collective goods involves activities and choices that are interdependent. Decisions by one states have effects for other states' that is, states can suffer unanticipated negative consequences as a result of actions by others. |
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Garrett Hardin, in the "Tragedy of the Commons," proposed several possible pollutions to the tragedy of the commons:
Use coercion: force nations and peoples to control the collective goods.
Restructure the preferences of states through rewards and punishments.
Alter the size of the group. |
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Term
| Customary international law |
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Definition
virtually all law emerges from custom. Either a hegemon or a group of states solves a problem in a particular way; these habits become ingrained as more states solve a problem in a particular way; these habits become ingrained as more states follow the same custom, and eventually the custom is codified into law.
It is limited: it develops slowly; can become outdated; not all states participate in the making of customary law; the fact that customary law is initially uncodified leads to ambiguity in interpretation, |
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| The dominant source of law today, and are legally binding. Only major changes in circumstances give states the right not to follow treaties they have ratified. |
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| the situation in which one state improves its military capabilities, especially its defenses, and those improvements are seen by other states as threats; each state in an anarchic international system tries to increase its own level of protection leading to insecurity in others, often leading to an arms race |
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Definition
| States that fight each other tend to have a history of rivalries. |
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| the theory that leaders start conflicts to divert attention from domestic problems. Wars happen sometimes when leaders want to divert attention away from their domestic issues. Some people say that Bill Clinton went to war with Kosovo because of Monica Lewenski. |
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| War can be explained by the challenger state approaching the power of a dominant hegemon. War occurs when a dissatisfied challender state begins to acquire the same capabilities as the hegemon. Idea that great power wars are more likely to occur when the capabilities of the rising power get closer to an established hegemon... So if there is a big gap between China and the US, as the gap closes and the countries become more even, war becomes more likely. It is also the idea that the status quo represented by a hegemon and revisionist intentions on the part of a rising power. |
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| war designed to conquer and occupy enemy territory, using all available weapons of welfare and targeting both military establishments and civilian facilities. |
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| armed conflict within a state between factions that wish to control the government or exercise jurisdiction over territory; may have international repercussions with the flow of arms and refugees, often leading to intervention by other states |
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| war fought for limited objectives with selected types of weapons or targets; the objective will be less than the total subjugation of the enemy |
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| war between parties of unequal strength, in which the weaker party tries to neutralize its opponent’s strength by exploiting the opponent’s weaknesses |
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| the idea that there are criteria that if met can make going to war ethical and that there are standards for how war should ethically be fought. |
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| the concept that aggression against a state should be defeated collectively because aggression against one state is aggression against all; basis of League of Nations and UN |
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Term
| Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) |
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Definition
| obligates nuclear powers not to transfer their nuclear technology to 3rd world countries and to work toward nuclear disarmament and obligates nonnuclear signatories to refrain from acquiring or developing the technology. |
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Term
| International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)- |
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Definition
| a U.N. based agency established in 1957 to disseminate knowledge anout nuclear energy and promote its peaceful uses. The IAEA created a system of safeguards, including inspection teams that visit nuclear facilities and report on any movement of nuclear material, in an attempt to keep nuclear material from being diverted to nonpeaceful purposes and to ensure that states that signed the Treaty of the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). |
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| an international system in which states enjoy relatively equal power, states form alliances or make policies to counteract the acquisition of power by other states, and no one state is able to dominate the international system. |
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| the policy of maintaining a large military force and arsenal to discourage any potential aggressor from taking action; states commit themselves to punish an aggressor state. |
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The market should be free, economics determine politics- free flow of trade to maximize economic intercourse, which in the long term will guarantee both optimum prices and economic stability.
1. Individuals act in rational ways to maximize self interest.
2. When individuals act, markets are created to produce, distribute, and consume goods; markets function best when free of government interference.
3. International wealth is maximized with free exchange of goods and services; on the basis of comparative advantage, international economy gains. |
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Definition
| a political-economic system in which national economic power is paramount and the domestic economy is viewed as an instrument that exists primarily to serve the needs of the state |
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| the flow of money into and out of a country from trade, tourism, foreign aid, sale of services, profits etc for a period of time |
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| a term used to describe how states will act in the international community. The theory says that international actors will look at the total effect of a decision on the state or organization and act accordingly. The international actor's interests not only include power ratios but also encompass the economic and cultural effects of an action as well. The theory is also interrelated with a non-zero-sum game which proposes that through use of comparative advantage, all states who engage in peaceful relations and trade can expand wealth. |
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Definition
| describes the actions of states only in respect to power balances and without regard to other factors, such as economics. In international relations, cooperation may be necessary to balance power, but concern for relative gains will limit that cooperation due to the low quality of information about other states' behavior and interests. Relative gain is related to zero-sum game, which states that wealth cannot be expanded and the only way a state can become richer is to take wealth from another state. |
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Definition
subscribed to the labor theory of value; Marx drew his work from Ricardo
His most important contribution was the theory of comparative advantage, a fundamental argument in favor of free trade among countries and of specialization among individuals. Ricardo argued that there is mutual benefit from trade (or exchange) even if one party (e.g. resource-rich country, highly-skilled artisan) is more productive in every possible area than its trading counterpart (e.g. resource-poor country, unskilled laborer), as long as each concentrates on the activities where it has a relative productivity advantage. |
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| the ability of a country to make and export a good relatively more efficiently than other countries; the basis for the liberal economic principle that countries benefit from free trade among nations. |
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| Multinational corporations (MNCs) |
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Definition
| private enterprises with production facilities, sales or activities in several states |
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| a social theory, formulated by Karl Marx and modified by other theorists, that posits that class conflict between owners and workers will cause the eventual demise of capitalism; offers a critique of capitalism |
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Definition
| a social theory, formulated by Karl Marx and modified by other theorists, that posits that class conflict between owners and workers will cause the eventual demise of capitalism; offers a critique of capitalism |
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| individuals whose ideas are derived from radicalism and explain poverty and underdevelopment in developing countries based on their historical dependence on and domination by rich countries |
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| countries that export manufactured goods & import primary commodities |
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Term
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Definition
| countries that export primary commodities & import manufactured goods |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio of export prices to import prices; as a country's terms of trade improve, export prices rise relative to import prices; as a country's terms of trade decline, import prices rise relative to export prices |
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Term
| New International Economic Order (NIEO) |
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Definition
| Attempt by Group of 77 (South countries) to change international economic relations. Wanted to change terms of international trade, establish a common fund, regulate MNCs, review the debt burden of the South, increase foreign aid to the South, change structure of the world bank and the IMF. Debt renegotiation and cancellation has remained prominent. |
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Term
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
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Definition
| the Bretton Woods institution originally charged with helping states deal with temporary balance-of-payments problems; now plays a broader role in assisting debtor developing states by offering loans to those who institute specific policies, or structural adjustment programs. |
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Definition
| a global lending agency focused on financing projects in developing countries; formally known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, established as one of the key Bretton Woods institutions to deal with reconstruction and development after WWII. |
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Term
| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) |
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Definition
| founded by treaty in 1947 as the Bretton Woods institution responsible for negotiating a liberal international trade regime that included the principles of nondiscrimination in trade and most-favored-nation status; re-formed as the WTO in 1995. |
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Term
| World Trade Organization (WTO)- |
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Definition
| intergovernmental organization designed to support the principles of liberal free trade; includes enforcement measures and dispute settlement mechanisms; established in 1995 to replace the GATT |
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Term
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Definition
| final of 8 GATT negotiation rounds in began in 1986 covering new items such as services (insurance), intellectual property rights, and for the first time agriculture |
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Definition
| an approach to economic development that tries to reconcile current economic growth and environmental protection with the needs of future generations |
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Definition
| the liberal belief that only through specific liberal economic policies, especially privatization, can development result |
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Term
| Structural adjustment programs- |
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Definition
| IMF policies and recommendations aimed to guide states of balance-of-payment difficulties and economic crises. |
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Definition
| a union of twenty-seven European states, formerly the European Economic Community; designed originally during the 1950’s for economic integration, but since expanded into a closer political and economic union. |
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| North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)- |
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Definition
The free trade agreement negotiated by the U.S., Canada, and Mexico differs substantially from the EU:
1. It comprises one dominant economy and two dependent ones.
2. The driving force in NAFTA is not political elites but MNCs that seek larger market shares.
3. The social, political, and security dimensions in the EU are absent from NAFTA. Cooperation in trade is not intended to lead to free movement of labor.
4. NAFTA supports the phased elimination over ten years of tariff and nontariff barriers. NAFTA protects the property rights of those companies making investments in the three countries. |
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Definition
AKA common market of the south; est. 1991; Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay & Uraguay; Notable for the specificity of its provisions;
1. Formation of FTA btwn 1991 & 1994
2. Est. of a customs union 1995
3. Creation of a common market thereafter; seen as a way to gain grater political & economic independence from the US |
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| Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)- |
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Definition
| A proposed agreement to eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas but Cuba. Negotiations were difficult & protracted; US wanted an extension of NAFTA; Brazil wanted to start from scratch after deepening Mercosur first |
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| a transnational community of experts and technical specialists who share a set of beliefs and a way to approach problems. |
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Term
| Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)- |
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Definition
| Private associations of individuals or groups that engage in political, economic, or social activities usually across national borders |
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Term
| Malthusian dilemma (named after Thomas Malthus) |
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Definition
| the situation that population growth rates will increase faster than agricultural productivity, leading to food shortages |
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Definition
| a situation in which increasing levels of economic development lead to falling death rates, followed by birth rates. |
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| first treaty which required its wealthier parties to provide significant financial assistance to defray costs of compliance for poorer parties. An international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible forozone depletion. The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987, and entered into force on January 1, 1989, followed by a first meeting in Helsinki, May 1989. Ratified by 196 states. |
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Definition
The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 provided for stabilizing the concentration of greenhouse gases and delineated goals for reducing emissions by 2010. Developed countries are to reduce their overall emissions, and provide flexibility mechanisms designed to make reaching the emission targets more cost efficient.
1. Trading of international emission shares is permitted.
2. Credits can be earned from "carbon sinks." States can offset their emissions by gaining credits for planting forests.
3. Joint implementation permits countries to participate in projects for emission reductions and allows each to receive part of the credit. |
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Definition
the treatment of individuals and groups of individuals. Many scholars believe there is an international regime of human rights. The term regime refers to agreed-upon rules, norms, and procedures that emerge from high levels of cooperation--beyond the willingness to negotiate internationally and to coordinate policy outcomes on a periodic basis.
The issue of human rights addresses core values over which there are fundamental disagreements-disagreements about what rights should be protected and what the role of the state and the international community should be in the protection of such rights. |
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| First-generation human rights- |
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Definition
| Political or civil rights of citizens that prevent governmental authority from interfering with private individuals or civil society (negative rights) |
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Term
| Second-generation human rights |
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Definition
| social and economic rights that states are obligated to provide their citizenry, including the rights to medical care, jobs, and housing (positive rights) |
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Term
| Third-generation human rights- |
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Definition
| collective rights of groups, including the rights of ethnic or indigenous minorities and designated special groups such as women and children, and the rights to democracy and development, among others. |
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Term
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
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Definition
| A statement of human rights aspirations approved by the U.N. General Assembly in 1948. Thirty principles incorporating both political and economic rights were identified. |
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Term
| International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights & International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights- |
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Definition
| International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights & International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights- together these are known as the international bill of rights. These rights have been expanded to include special conventions for women and refugees, and how to address various kinds of discrimination. |
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| Human rights believed to be basically the same at all times and in all cultures, a controversial notion. |
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Definition
| The belief that human rights, ethnics, and morality are determined by cultures and history and therefore are not universally the same. |
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| the rules, norms, and procedures that are developed by states and international organizations out of there common concerns and are used to organize activities. |
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Definition
| shared expectations about behavior, standard of right and wrong, and prescriptions or proscriptions of behavior internationally |
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| structures and processes that enable actors to coordinate interdependent needs and interests in the absence of a unifying political authority. |
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Definition
| Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Mauritania |
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| Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine |
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Definition
the royal family of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
The House of Saud has gone through three phases: the First Saudi State, the Second Saudi State, and the modern nation of Saudi Arabia.
The current head of the Al Saud and ruler of Saudi Arabia is King Abdullah ibn Abdul Aziz |
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Definition
| The Islamic religious militia which formed the main military force of the Arabian ruler Ibn Saud and played a key role in establishing him as ruler of most of the Arabian Peninsula, in his new state of Saudi Arabia. |
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a member of a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect from Saudi Arabia; strives to purify Islamic beliefs and rejects any innovation occurring after the 3rd century of Islam.
In the early 20th Century, the Wahhabist-oriented Al-Saud dynasty conquered and unified the various provinces on the Arabian peninsula, founding the modern day Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 |
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Definition
was the second President of Egypt from 1954 until his death. He led the bloodless coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and heralded a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt together with a profound advancement of pan-Arab nationalism.
Nasser is seen as one of the most important political figures in both modern Arab history and Third World politics in the 20th century.
He nationalized the Suez Canal. |
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| Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO) |
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Definition
| is the state-owned national oil company of Saudi Arabia. It is the largest oil corporation in the world with the largest proven crude oil reserves and production. Headquartered in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco also operates the world's largest single hydrocarbon network, the Master Gas System. It was known as just ARAMCO between the years of 1933-1988, anacronym for Arabian American Oil Company. |
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| the possibility of going to war |
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| the probability of going to war |
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