Term
| Three Paradigms of Development |
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Definition
| neoliberal, state-interventionist, political ecologist |
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Term
| Drivers, DD, ID, Examples |
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Definition
Driver: Any natural or human-induced factor that directly or indirectly causes a change- overarching socio-economic forces that exert pressures on the state of the environment
Direct Driver: (direct cause): a driver that influences environmental processes and can therefore be identified and measured to differing degrees of accuracy.
Examples: deforestation, habitat change, global warming, ozone depletion, overfishing, and pollution.
Indirect driver (root cause) driver that alters level or rate of change of one or more direct drivers.
Examples: Important indirect drivers include economic activity, consumption, and technology, as well as socio-political and cultural factors. |
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Term
| Cultural Filter, invented by who, and Example |
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Definition
David Pepper: environment is filtered into perceived environment, which is filtered through a cultural filter and taken into account by man, which influences how we interact with the perceived environment
Example: indigenous people Miwok of Yosemite believe people and nature are inseparable, were seen by John Muir (conservationist) as divided from nature and should not be present or living there, indigenous people are kicked out of protected areas |
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Term
Development Paradigm: Neoliberal (5)
examples people |
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Definition
-Development = max economic growth /GDP
- Growth will trickle down through the “free market”
- Minimize the role of the state (e.g. trade, financial, env, health, safety regulations)
- Environment: growth will bring better environmental technology that will deal with the negative impacts of development
- Typically politically conservative viewpoint
Examples: Bushes, Margaret Thatcher |
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Term
Development Paradigm: “State Approach”, i.e. state-interventionist or Keynesian (3)
examples people |
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Definition
- Development = max economic growth BUT trickle down economics isn’t automatic…therefore government needs redistribute $ via taxes, social services etc.
- Environment: also tend believe econ growth will bring better environmental technology But also believes government needs environmental regulations (NEPA, CEQA)
-Many Democrats follow this view
Example: Roosevelt, Obama |
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Term
| Development Paradigm: Political Ecologist Perspective (4) |
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Definition
-Development does not equal economic growth
- Development = health, food security, clean and undegraded environment, gender equity, economic well-being for all
- Global economy / political systems must be radically restructured to improve the health of the planet & future generations, e.g. by following indigenous peoples’ models, ecosocialism etc.
- Capitalism or socialism that pushes conventional development not sustainable (exhausts resources they depend on) |
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Term
| Typical concept of development- 4 |
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Definition
| Western & “modern” enlightenment values of “science”, “rationality”, “progress”, and modern technological advances |
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Term
| Dependency theory- when, what |
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Definition
| 1960s- Dependency theorists claimed “Global South” (periphery) can never “develop” b/c of exploitative relation, said “development of North” causing “underdevelopment” of “South”- Developed countries purchase raw materials for cheap, manufacture goods, then sell them back to the country for more |
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Term
| Parallels b/w socialist and capitalist development model- nuclear |
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Definition
- Three Mile Island in US in 1979 leaked radioactive gasses
- Chernobyl- 1986 Ukraine |
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Term
| preservation vs. conservation |
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Definition
| Preservation: cannot use resources vs. Conservation- can use resources wisely |
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Term
| Name some big environmental heckin books (3) and years they came out |
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Definition
-1968 Hardin Tragedy of Commons- overgrazing and misuse of public resources, privatization is solution -Lifeboat ethics
Paul Erlich: population bomb 1969lower qual life…alarmistZPG founded zero population growth, population growth will lower quality of life for everyone, not enough food to feed everyone
1950s: Rachel Carson, book “Silent Spring” on effects of modern agric., esp. pesticides like DDT placed blame on govt. conspiring w/industry and “junk science”- led to formation of EPA |
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Term
| first big world deal on climate change and when |
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Definition
| 2015- Paris Climate Deal- US may now withdraw but the deal unites all nations in a single agreement on tackling climate change for the first time in history |
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Term
| two primary drivers of environmental change |
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Definition
| Population and economic development are the primary drivers of our evolving ecosystems and world |
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Term
| Most Important questions about environmental drivers |
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Definition
| DPISR Questions (drivers, pressures, states, impacts and responses along a continuum) |
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Term
| order of the population shift |
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Definition
1. high birth high death rate- preindustrial
2. high birth rate lower death rate- transitional
3. lowering birth and death rate- transitional
4. low birth and death rate- industrial |
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Term
| five indirect drivers of environmental damage |
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Definition
| five indirect drivers of changes in ecosystems and their services: population change, change in economic activity, sociopolitical factors, cultural factors, and technological change. |
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Term
| how migration occurs during development (with order) |
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Definition
| development occurs, rural to rural, rural to urban, and international migration occur in that order |
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Term
| inequitability of groundwater usage in India |
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Definition
| in india, 10% of large farms use 90% of groundwater |
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Term
Problem with rural-urban migration
and rural rural migration |
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Definition
Urban areas demand for food is disproportionately high and demands some of the highest conversions of forest to lumber and agriculture
Rural to rural migration ends up costing a significant agricultural price and results in significant deforestation |
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Term
| what happens to consumption when a country becomes developed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Griggs solutions for development/environment, when/where- 6 |
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Definition
| Rio United Nations +20 summit in 2012, goals to follow the millenium goals w/ sustainable development goals (SDGs), must be SDGs should be sustainable, based on recent evidence, and measureable encompasses an antropocene view of development, where current needs are met but eath's life support system is protected. Main goals: creating thriving lives/livelihoods, clean water and food security, universal clean energy, healthy and productive ecosystems, governance for sustainable societies- 6- SDGs created later in 2015 |
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Term
| NOrth South Divide in Climate Change |
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Definition
Impacts of Global Warming on Vulnerable Pop.
40% of worlds pop. get water from glacial melt and in next 50 yrs. will suffer severe shortages. As sea levels rise due to thermal expansion and ocean volume expanding, deltas and small islands are particularly vulnerable such as island of Tuvalu. Since many of these populations are subsistence agrarians living in substandard housing this threatens livelihoods and creates climate refugees and increased competition for limited resources. Salty soil from salinization in Tuvalu, loss of coral reefs.
North South Divide & Climate Change
Norberg Hodge (pol. ecologist) describes Northern rich industrialized countries different view of climate change than industrializing countries in the South. South can't replicate industrialization of the North because North depleted South's natural resources and carbon sinks. South lacks colonies North exploited for cheap labor and resources. North tells South to cut greenhouse gases while international foreign investors such as WB and IMF impose fossil fuel based export industrialization model on South with strings attached. Ex. loans, sanctions, infastructure such as megadams, pipelines, super highways. Motivated by profit MNC's in South push urban consumerism, export of American Dream. Most manufactured goods in North are produced in South while South bears carbon footprint. Significant corporate influence, Exxon pressured south out of signing international agreements or else they'd lose investments |
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Term
| increased demand for food from development means.. |
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Definition
| Increased demand for food means increased irrigation and increased energy to fuel irrigation |
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Term
| negative impacts of building transport capabilities- special vocab |
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Definition
| Because most human settlements are located close to supplies of water and agricultural land, transport infrastructure displaces food production while also fragmenting landscapes that are then less able to support wildlife (Huijser et al. 2008). Transport also has secondary environmental impacts through expanded human access to land, as the infrastructure promotes economic activities such as mining, forestry or power generation in new locations, urban "sprawL' |
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Term
| Population of Urban areas and energy consumption and carbon |
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Definition
| “Urban areas, which house half the world’s population, utilize two-thirds of global energy and produce 70 per cent of global carbon emissions (IEA 2008).” |
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Term
| Three Ways liberalization/globalization exerts environmental pressures |
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Definition
Greater trade liberalization exerts environmental pressures in three ways:
increasing economic activity and by extension natural resource extraction, a scale effect
changing the type of economic activity to more or less polluting industries with various intensities and
changing the technology or intensity of production |
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Term
| Impact of trade liberalization/globalization : Environmental Impact from industries: North South divide |
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Definition
| “the environmental impacts of production to be completely removed, or decoupled, from the site of consumption.” |
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Term
| Drivers trigger other drivers: example and time frame |
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Definition
| oncerns about climate change impacts, including crop vulnerability and food insecurity, gave rise to policies that included mandates to increase biofuel production, such as legislation introduced in 2003 in the EU and in 2008 in the United States. The resulting demand generated a cascading set of pressures including crop diversion to biofuels. This diversion of cropland then contributed to higher food prices in 2008 and 2010, increasing worries about food insecurity.” |
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Term
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Definition
| 2016- hottest year on record, all but one of the 17 hottest years on record took place since 2001 |
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Term
| environmental impacts of global warming- physical |
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Definition
- World temperatures could rise by between 1.1 and 6.4 °C (2.0 and 11.5 °F) during the 21st century
- Sea levels will probably rise by 18 to 59 centimeters (7.1–23 in).
- >90% chance there will be more frequent warm spells, heat waves, and heavy rainfall.
- >66% there will be an increase in droughts, tropical cyclones, and extreme high tides
- Crop yields will increase in certain areas and decrease in other areas due to global warming as well as ability to fish maximum catch increases and decreases |
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Term
| event and human impacts of climate change- specific example- developed country |
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Definition
| Heat waves increasing: One in Europe (2003) killed 35,000 |
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Term
Environmental Justice- definition
Clmiate Justice |
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Definition
is that all people - regardless of color, income, national origin or race - are able to enjoy an equal level of environmental protection.
Climate Justice- a vision to dissolve and alleviate the unequal burdens created by climate change. As a form of environmental justice, climate justice is the fair treatment of all people and freedom from discrimination with the creation of policies and projects that address climate change and the systems that create climate change and perpetuate discrimination.” |
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Term
| Global Warming Impact on a Vulnerable Population- specific examples (2) |
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Definition
-Island Nation of “Tuvalu” a Polynesian island nation
population about 12,000
IPCC assessments suggest deltas and small island nations particularly vulnerable to sea level rise caused by both thermal expansion and ocean volume (glacial melt)
8 western Pacific islands disappear as ocean levels rise - Sea level rise has claimed at least eight islands in Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean, salinization of soil
- Concrete reefs helped save an Indian island from erosion and sea level rise
- Accelerated melt from Himalayan glaciers due to global warming flooding river deltas where Sundarbans & the 4 million people living on the Indian side (not Bangladesh side) |
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Term
| North South Divide in relation to climate change and climate change justice- who's ideas and what, who else is involved |
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Definition
Norburg Hodge Ideas: North consumes products of carbon emissions while south suffers from environmental harm, should South be able to emit as many carbon emissions as North? Unable to- model of development doesn't work because they can't colonize, North tells South to cut GHGs yet IFIs like World Bank/WTO impose fossil-fuel based export industrialization model on South- 2 reasons they can't follow same model: South cannot follow same path due to limited world resources and lack of colonies
Globalization and development only benefit the minority of these countries anywas
w |
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Term
| neoliberal approach to climate change/global warming |
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Definition
| voluntary carbon taxes, market driven labels for eco friendly products |
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Term
| industrial agirculture impact on rural farmers |
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Definition
| move to urban areas because they know they cannot compete w/ major conglomerates, must import food |
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Term
| why don't Northern countries want caps on Southern carbon emissions? |
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Definition
| Restrictions on carbon emissions would really limit the northern businesses that have capitalized on the south and attempted to influence it |
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Term
| organizational examples of climate justice and country (3) |
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Definition
The Anchorage Declaration 2009- meeting of indigenous people to discuss susceptibility to climate change and urge world to follow practices that heal mother earth
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of INdigenous Peoples- UNDRIP discussion and call for enhanced use of this right in regards to climate change, consent of indigenous peoples is important
Evo Morales- developed countries in debt to developing countries, ecological debt for impacts of climate change and absorbing environmental harm to support their economies |
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Term
| Population Paradigm: Malthusian- define, p, s |
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Definition
Malthusian (hardline pop. Control)- hardline, draconian approaches, hunger is its own punishment
According to Thomas Malthus, food supply grows linearly and population grows exponentially
PROBLEM: -too many people outstripping ”scarce” resources (usually directed at marginalized populations of North & South)
SOLUTION:-let natural checks “famine, war, disease” control “overbreeding” |
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Term
| 2 reasons global warming causes rising sea levels: |
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Definition
| glacial melt, expanision of heated water |
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Term
| glacial importance to water supply in vulnerable populations |
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Definition
| 40% of worlds pop. get water from glacial melt and in next 50 yrs. will suffer severe shortages |
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Term
| population paradigm- Neo Malthusian Population Paradigm- people, define, p, s, actual example of solution |
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Definition
Neo-Malthusian (softer approach)- in favor of contraception
eg. Garrett Hardin, Paul Erlich)- “Neo-Malthusians differ from Malthus's theories mainly in their enthusiasm for contraception. Malthus, a devout Christian, believed that "self-control" (abstinence) was preferable to artificial birth control”
PROBLEMS: -too many people outstripping “scarce” resources (usually directed at marginalized populations of North & South) -lack of education, lack of contraceptives -lack of food production
SOLUTIONS: -education, provision of contraceptives, family planning -increase food production (often via industrial agriculture/Green Revolution) -(more “coercive” neomalthusians: forced sterilization, 1 child policy China, tax penalties for large families) |
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Term
| population paradigm- Anti-malthusian / Marxist- people, define, p, s |
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Definition
(pop. not the main problem)
Marx, David Harvey:
PROBLEMS: -poverty/famine caused by capitalism, maldistribution of resources not pop. growth (un= exchange, extraction of surplus labor)
SOLUTIONS: -land, food etc will be redistributed & end famine/poverty if we replace capitalism with communism |
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Term
| population paradigm- Cornucopian |
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Definition
Cornucopian (pop. good)- creates an abundance through cooperation, like Ester Boserup
PROBLEMs: -population is not a problem because more labor reduces production costs AND provides more consumers -more people actually increase agricultural prod. Etc “cornucopia of food”, i.e. abundance increases standards of living -Boserup said “necessity is the mother of invention,” so lots of people better agricultural technology & associated sustainable land use intensification (technological optimist)
SOLUTIONs: -encourage population growth, technological innovation |
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Term
| Population paradigm- ecofeminist/soft socialism |
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Definition
C) Betsy Hartmann (soft socialist/ecofeminist)
PROBLEMS: -must look at WHY pop. growth occurring (e.g. male patriarchy, kids needed for farm labor, social security) -overconsumption in “North” -maldistribution of resources ($,land…) poverty, env. degradation, famine
SOLUTIONS -reduce consumption, redistribute resources, empower women, social services (health, soc security) |
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Term
| List 4 Population Paradigms |
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Definition
| Malthusian, Neo Malthusia, Anti-Malthusian/Socialist, Cornucopian, Ecofeminist/soft socialist |
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Term
| Reasons for high fertility in global south- 6 |
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Definition
Economic reasons (labor), e.g. Mahmood Madani’s findings
Children are form of social security for elders
Son preference
Subordination of women (patriarchal mores, exclusion from development, lack contraceptives or reproductive services)
High infant mortality (e.g. b/c malnutrition, lack of medicine)
Religious factors |
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Term
critical factor in discussing food scarcity- by who
examples |
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Definition
Nicholas Hilyard- "Discussion of population and food supply which leave out power relations between different groups of people will always mask the true nature of food scarcity—who gets to eat and who doesn’t – and lead to “solutions” that are simplistic, frequently oppressive and which ultimately reinforce the very structures creating ecological damage and hunger"
Examples: Guatemala- food taken from small scale ranchers- Guatemala 65% farmland owned by 2% farmowners (social not natural)
Ireland Potato famine- plenty of food, exported to England for consumption |
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Term
| process of food scarcity- 3 |
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Definition
| Colonialism / neo-colonialism>landlessness>famine / env. deg (not overpop.) |
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Term
| process of food scarcity in Green Revolution practices- 6 |
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Definition
| Expensive inputs (pesticides) > debt > poverty, degrade env. > sell/lose land > land concentration> lose food security |
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Term
| Key concept by who that problem w/ consupmtion is in North not in south |
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Definition
| Jared Diamond- overconsumption in North is problem, not overpopulation in South, China, India etc. won’t be able to raise consumption to “Northern” levels b/c of planet’s limits (not sustainable),In US meat and animal product consumption accounts for 30% of food consumption, 50% of US grain is used to feed livestock |
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Term
| solutions to Jared Diamonds food scarcity |
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Definition
| the commons- prevents any single group from having greater access over another |
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Term
| central america farmland- Jared Diamond |
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Definition
| 85 per cent of the best farmland is used to grow crops for export |
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Term
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Definition
| “ In the Sudan, for example, the combination of mechanized farming, monoculture growing and the search for quick profits has caused an estimated 17 million hectares of rainfed arable land -- almost half the country's potential arable land -- to lose its topsoil.” |
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Term
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Definition
| 32 times higher in North America, WesternEurope, Japan and Australia than in the developing world.” |
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Term
| Bolivian example of WB agricultural failure that professor Hindery loves |
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Definition
| The World Bank’s “Eastern Lowlands Project” - soybeans- dramatically accelerated forest clearing by large-scale commercial farmers, who export this cash-crop abroad, where it is largely used to feed livestock. “ |
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Term
| agroecological farming- impacts that it helps (4), different methods of it (4), how many edible plants are there vs. how many we use msotly |
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Definition
| Localized, small-scale, subsistence level- Localized dependencies, focus on self-sufficiency- is the basis for what we now term “organic” agriculture (though “organic” agric. can be implemented in industrial forms too), increase food security, meet local livelihoods, conserve soil and biodiversity and reduce pollution. It includes agroforestry (interplanting trees and crops on the same parcel), biological control (controlling pests and diseases with natural predators), water harvesting methods, intercropping, 75,000 edible plants only use about 300 for 95% of plant consumption |
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Term
| Big 4 crops of industrial agriculture and statistic on rice |
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Definition
| wheat, rice, corn, soy (rice= ¼ of global caloric intake) |
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Term
| Neo Malthusian approach to agriculture: problem, solution, what did it cause |
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Definition
ROOT PROBLEMS: –Population growth (exponential) outstripping food production (arithmetic)–insufficient technology to boost food production
SOLUTIONS?: –Modern industrial agriculture to increase production to keep pace w/ population growth–reduce population growth (family planning, one-child policy (China) etc.)
- Neo malthusian view led to green revolution |
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Term
| anti malthusian approach to agriculture |
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Definition
ROOT PROBLEMS: -Problem isn’t so much inadequate food production-Rather, overconsumption of natural resources (especially in the “North)-maldistribution of land, food etc. -fixation on profit vs. food security (e.g. cash crops vs. food crops) which can be traced to free-market, export oriented models of developmentSOLUTIONS?
SOLUTIONS? -Land reform: small farmers must regain land to farm on and food should be distributed more equitably. - Replace cash crops w/food crops »e.g. replace Willamette grass seed with beans & grains.»e.g. replace large-scale palm-oil plantations in Indonesia w/native rice varieties -Small-scale organic-farming-root causes of high fertility rates are ameliorated through “social justice” (equitable land & food distribution; empowerment of women reducing patriarchal norms)-Reduce consumption |
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Term
| India scientist thoughts on Green Revolution |
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Definition
| - Vandana Shiva- not really miracle seeds- use 10x as much water- world bank forces people ot grow cash crops like sugar cane and use industrial waterlogging methods- doesn't let substinence farming happen w/ crop like sorghum because people eat it and can't use it to pay back loans- lBhakra Dam “the temple of modern India” |
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Term
| african benefit of agroecological farming |
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Definition
| average increase of 116% for all African projects- UN |
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Term
| link b/w women and food security - special definition |
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Definition
Based on various case studies around the world, Patricia Howard (2003) maintains that women, because of their position as food providers, generally possess the greatest knowledge of landraces and are primarily responsible for conservation of biodiversity.
FYI: on landraces “A landrace is a local variety of a domesticated animal or plant species which has developed largely by natural processes,[1] by adaptation to the natural and cultural environment in which it lives. It differs from a formal breed which has been selectively bred deliberately to conform to a particular formal, purebreed standard of traits. Landraces are usually more genetically and physically diverse than formal breeds.” |
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Term
| father of green revolution |
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Definition
Norman Borlaug (Nobel Peace Prize in 1970)
“father of green rev.” for semi-dwarf HYV wheat |
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Term
| Heavy inputs of Green Revolution: 6, term for high inputs, encouraged creation of what? |
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Definition
| seeds, water, fertilizer, pesticides, industry, fossil fuels- capital intensive- roads and infrastructure |
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Term
| what did India women say was causing lack of food in India, what were they given, by who with what results |
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Definition
Legacy of Malthus film when WB promoted Green Rev. in India, where women claimed maldistribution of land, not lack of production was driving food insecurity
- India doubled its food production b/w 1970-1992- food often not culturally appropriate, as nutritious, and displaced small scale farmers |
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Term
| connection b/w Green Revolution and Neoliberal and North South Divide |
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Definition
| modern colonialism, countries grow food for export not for them to eat, done cheaply, export cash crop economies GATS 1995 |
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Term
| form and objective of green revolution agriculture vs. agro ecological approach |
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Definition
Green Revolution” Industrial agriculture
Large-scale mono-crops of 1 variety DESPITE varying soil and climate conditions
Objectives: maximize yield & profit; cash crop vs food crop
Agro-ecological approach / small-scale organic farming:
A wide variety of crops adopted to local environment, provides jobs w/ labor intensive needs
Objectives: maximize yield & nutrition in a sustainable manner (see notes from Future of Food) **efficiency shown to be higher, esp. when consider Green Rev.’s hidden env./soc. Costs |
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Term
| GMO- definition, 4 aims of them, example of pesticide resistant and pest resistant, 5 crops it's most used for |
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Definition
crops whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering,
Drought resistance, pesticide resistance or saline tolerance
Higher tolerance for storage and shipping (may be cosmetic)
Higher yields
Enhanced nutrition
Pesticide resistance
Ex. Round-up Ready Soybeans (Monsanto)
Pest (insect or disease) resistance
Ex. BT cotton
Focus almost exclusively on Corn, Cotton, Soybeans, Tobacco, and Canola |
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Term
| negative impacts of GMOs- 4- ecological, health, economy, north/south divide |
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Definition
Environmental- (loss of native varieties through contamination, e.g. drifting pollen, unanticipated results)
39 cases of crop contamination in 23 countries in 2007
Consumer (allergies)
Economic (capital vs. labor intensive)
North/South issue (access to $, technology, legal resources |
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Term
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Definition
| disconnect between food consumption and impacts that happen along commodity chain (ecological “footprint”) alienation b/w humans & nature, simply consume w/ no conscience |
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Term
| health impacts of Green Revolution on Punjab, stopped land redistribution against.. efficiency? |
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Definition
Punjab’s public health crisis became public knowledge in the 1990s after the discovery of toxic chemicals in the state’s soil and waterways.
Highest rate of cancer in the country, causing developmental issues in children
- Zamindari upper class to allow for more agriculture
-Punjab need 300% as much water despite only producing 40% more than other seeds |
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Term
| loss of crops in Green Revolution- why and what amount lost in India? |
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Definition
| monoculture of wheat and rice High risk w/o genetic diversity and no resistance to pests, end up losing 30-100% of crop in most cases |
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Term
| how often to get new seeds for green revolution?- GMO Hyv |
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Definition
| seeds also must be replaced every 3-5 years w/ newest variety- GMO |
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Term
| Nairobi food security- Kenya's "green revolution" |
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Definition
| nairobi- 2008 - over 15 different indigenous vegetables have been reclaimed and 300 farmers have been trained in ecological and organic farming. |
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Term
| connection b/w green revolution and colonialism |
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Definition
| green revolution food less available to local population despite increase because it is cash crop or crop to feed animals in the north, Third world is forced to import food crops at ever increasing prices while exporting cash crops at ever decreasing prices |
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Term
| most GM crops select for two traits |
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Definition
99% of GM crops are modified for insect and herbicide resistance
Herbicide tolerance (HT)
75% of all GM crops
Allows herbicides to kill all other green crops in area without impacting the HT crops
Pest-resistant crops
When ingested by bugs, realease toxin that kills bug
17% of GM crops |
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Term
| main 4 companies that create GM crops |
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Definition
| syngeta, monsanto, bayer cropscience, dupont four main companies that control GM crops |
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Term
| slow food movement- founded by who, when, with what key objectives (name 4) |
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Definition
was founded by Carlo Petrini in Italy in 1986 and has since spread worldwide, forming and sustaining seed banks to preserve heirloom varieties in cooperation with local food systems
preserving and promoting local and traditional food products, along with their lore and preparation
organizing small-scale processing (including facilities for slaughtering and short run products)
organizing celebrations of local cuisine within regions (for example, the Feast of Fields held in some cities in Canada)
promoting "taste education"
educating consumers about the risks of fast food
educating citizens about the drawbacks of commercial agribusiness and factory farms
educating citizens about the risks of monoculture and reliance on too few genomes or varieties
developing various political programmes to preserve family farms
lobbying for the inclusion of organic farming concerns within agricultural policy
lobbying against government funding of genetic engineering |
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Term
| indirect drivers of overfishing (name 4) |
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Definition
Consumption e.g. demand for whale meat in Japan
International and Domestic Economic Policies (free trade agreements, structural adjustment) e.g. WTO & Tuna / Dolphins- put pressure on countries or consumers to eat more fish
Technological change (see subsequent slides): like deforestation, much overfishing due to relatively small #’s of people working in commercial fishing fleets for “luxury consumption” and “overconsumption”
Internal factors: domestic government policies
Global warming (e.g. corals die, less fish w/ acidification of water)
Poor urban/agricultural planning: urban runoff kills fish, reduces fish stock |
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Term
| malthusian/Hardin perspective of overfishing |
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Definition
Overpopulation & communal property (root cause) / finite resources
Result: overgrazing: e.g. herders benefit from more animals, but each one degrades the commons more for everyone an “externality”, OVERFISHING, H20 depletion, air pollution, National Park degradation
Solution(s) = Population control (family planning/education etc. Privatization of fishery “commons”, Regulation (e.g. international treaties |
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Term
| what percent of fish stocks are overfished in US |
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Definition
| National marine service- 60% of commercially important US fish stocks are being overfished |
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Term
| who wrote tragedy of the commons and when |
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Definition
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Term
| alternative view of overfishing and example- agro ecological |
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Definition
internal “norms” or rules can minimize corruption (e.g. via shaming)
bottom up
benefits community directly
can be more “sustainable” than large-scale commercial fishing b/c people have incentive to manage fisheries their livelihoods depend on
e.g. in Tonga some communities fish sustainably using hand-lines or spear guns (Bender, 1998) but not always (e.g where norms eroded)
native american reef netting |
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Term
| common sense about overfishing from empty ocean, empty nets, ALASKA SOLUTION- state interventionist |
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Definition
- overfishing along coast where majority of fish are concentrated
-can't reproduce fast enough
-after overfishing their own waters, developed countries go to Africa
-fishing down the food chain as fish become more scarce
-most people don't remember how easy fishing used to be
-overfishing off New England since 1980
-Alaska- limits both fish catch and number of boat- open access, as many boats as wanted, used to be a policy which was problematic- now people must purchase fish catch percentage, limits boats, successful and bountiful catches
Formerly declared a federal disaster area due to fish traps, replenished entirely by management plan and constant observation
Limited entry- are not open to anybody who wants to fish
Restrict amount of gear a boat can fish |
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Term
| Neoliberal approach to overfishing |
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Definition
| tuna- dolhpin-safe tuna labels |
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Term
| what percent of predatory fish in the ocean are gone |
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Definition
| Nearly 90% of all large predatory fish in the ocean are now gone |
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Term
| problems w/ shrimp fishing |
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Definition
Account for only 2% of world’s seafood but 33% of bycatch
Shrimp farming heavily induces the use of chemicals and pesticides banned by the US and Europe
Pollutes the lands of fellow farmers and nearby areas, pouring out both chemicals and salinating their farmland |
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Term
| number of species threatened due to what primarily |
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Definition
500,000 to a million species threatened with loss w/in a few decades
Land use change one of the greatest threats to species |
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Term
| ethiopian strategy to stop deforestation- damage and solution |
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Definition
Volunteers in Ethiopia planted 350 million trees this year as part of a national campaign
80% of Ethiopia’s population depends on agriculture for its livelihood, but Ethiopia suffers from soil erosion, deforestation, flooding and harsh drought conditions |
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Term
| palm oil efforts at reducing amazon deforestation- which company |
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Definition
| Greenpeace campaign against use of unethical and unsustainable palm oil from deforestation in Dove products: Dove agreed to immediate moratorium on deforestation for palm oil plantations and urgently contact other major companies calling on them to support the moratorium |
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Term
| eu driver of deforestation- since when and what |
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Definition
| EU member states have been subsidising biofuel since a 2008 target was set requiring them to source 10% of their transport fuel from renewable sources by 2020 |
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Term
| criticism of malthusian model in deforestation of Amazon |
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Definition
in Bolivia mostly due to small #’s of people with machinery that’s VERY effective clearing forest (large-scale agro-industrial agriculture, ranching)
low population (9 million) and low pop. density (7.2 people per km2), AND few inhabit forested areas
about 70% of deforestation due to large-scale agric & ranching, 5% due to logging, THEN small scale-farmers colonizing forest
colonization by so-called “slash & burn farmers caused by govt. dev. strategies, e.g. “March to the East”, economic crises partly triggered by debt to World Bank/IMF) -some of the most “sustainable” cases of forest management are “communal” |
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Term
| indirect and direct drivers of deforestation- 3 |
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Definition
Key Indirect/Root Causes of Deforestation in Bolivia:
Consumption: e.g. Adidas, Nike, Reebok, and Timberland shoes w/ leather from Amazonian cattle ranches
International Economic Policies (free trade agreements, structural adjustment, World Bank Eastern Lowlands Project)- giving a loan, must devalue currency to attract investment, attracts investment in industrial farming to attract deforestation
Technological change (machinery, double-cropping)
Immediate/Direct causes of deforestation: large scale commercial agriculture, small scale colonization and subsistence farming, logging, urbanization spread |
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Term
| effects of tropical deforestation- 4 |
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Definition
1/5 of GHG emissions from tropical deforestation
biodiversity loss
regional climate change
impacts local livelihoods |
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Term
| primary cause of deforestation |
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Definition
| Agriculture remains the most significant driver of global deforestation, and there is an urgent need to promote more positive interactions between agriculture and forestry. |
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Term
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Definition
Belo Monte Damn
Illegal construction of worlds 3rd largest hydroelectric dam in amazon
40,000 people to be displaced- no consultation of indigenous people
REgional court rejeted construction of dam due to no consultation of indigenous people still being built, brazil gov defies orders |
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Term
| brazilian solution to deforestation (2) |
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Definition
- soybean production drove deforestation, Greenpeace led an international campaign pressuring buyers and distributors (Cargil, ADM…) 2006 soy traders agreed to 2 yr moratorium selling soy from NEWLY deforested lands. Was extended until 2019, included brands like Mcdonalds
- 2009 Cattle Moratorium created after Greenpeace report ‘Slaughtering the Amazon’ established links between leading brands (like Adidas, Timberland, Clarks and Prinses) and beef/leather products from forest-clearing cattle ranches
pressure from these companies triggered Brazilian cattle giants JBS and Marfrig to support the moratorium. |
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Term
| kenya solution to deforestation- gb |
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Definition
| Green Belt Movement- planting of 40 million trees in Kenya |
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Term
| three main threats to amazon- cattle sector in Brazil |
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Definition
Three main dangers to amazon: expansion of soya industry driven by high price for animal feed, surge in sugarcane plantations for biofuels, traditional threat of cattle ranching
-cattle sector in brazil worth 14% of world's deforestation |
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Term
| world bank involvement in Amazon |
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Definition
| funds cattle ranching and slaughterhouses despite contributions of industry to destruction of Amazon and carbon emissions |
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Term
| movement against deforestation in Asia and when |
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Definition
Himilayas- Chipko means to hug or hold onto- people hugged trees to prevent their cutting, protest movement from 1973-75
In response to protest, national government limited access to the forest, made permits to harvest it necessary, administered by regional government so Chipko people still have no access to it- protested so hard that they became a separate region |
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Term
| Chad impact from Sudanese conflict |
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Definition
| War in Darfur- since 2003, 200,000 refugees living in camps there and 90,000 East Chadians now displaced by increased violence, mass displacement has wreaked havoc- people fleeing from Sudan to Chad |
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Term
| minining in ES, democratic movement |
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Definition
- El Salvador
- only 3% of original forest remiains
- leakage of cyanide into rivers in 2008 caused moratorium
- only 2% of surface water fit for human consumption
Consulta Popular- legally-binding referendum asking small communities if they would permit the involvement of mining companies in their areas- hold consultas to vote on issue in local democratic process
55-65% of registered voters participate in vote
98% who vote say they oppose mining project in their territory
- March 28th, 2017- El Salvadore became first country to legally prohibit all mining |
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Term
environmental impacts of mining
example Peru- postive recovery? |
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Definition
- Acidic solution formed b/c mining exposes metal sulfides (e.g. pyrites) to water & air (oxygen). Then oxidation produces acid leaches out toxic metals (nickel, copper, lead, arsenic, aluminum, manganese)
- dust emissions
- La Oroya, Peru (mine owned by US corp. Renco, Doe Run)
Ranked among top 10 most polluted places in the world by the US- based think tank The Blacksmith Institute (above Chernobyl)
- children have malnutrition
-high rate of disabilities, mental and physical
-People can no longer go crops on their land due to contamination
Livestock are falling ill and not producing milk/wool
-a letter stating it curbed its toxic emissions, invested$1 million yearly in program with Peruvian Ministry of Health to lower blood lead levels in the region.
Doe Run stated that it made significant capital investments in emission control systems, water treatment plants and changing rooms
company asserts introduced occupational and population health programs and has made its environmental improvement efforts more public.
- poverty alleviation |
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Term
| what from mininig is extremely hard to clean up |
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Definition
| tailings- 2015- Colorado Declares State of Emergency After 3 Mill. Gallon Toxic Spill into the Animas River |
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Term
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Definition
-consume less
-greater recyclig- 90% of cars recycled parts in US
- legal reforms
- positive example: Positive examples Internationally: e.g. Bolivia, Don Mario mine (a mixed case)
though adverse impacts exist World Bank financing forced company to comply w/INTL law, WB policies
e.g. implemented mult-million $ indigenous peoples development program
more $ resources for monitoring by affected pops & govt AND stricter compliance w/Bolivian env. and other laws would lessen impacts |
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Term
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Definition
Peru president, Alberto Fujimori , ruled country strictly, made behind the scenes deals w/ mining companies
- put in jail as people voted against mining |
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Term
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Definition
| US w/ 5% of world population consumes 10-30% of world’s mineral production |
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Term
| environmental impacts of mining |
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Definition
Individual mines are very large as economies of scale are important in matinaing profitability
Most minerals are less than 30% pure- large quantities must be obtained for small amount of finished products
Tailings- unused rock and waste from processing minerals, processed w/ large aounts of water and deposited in “tailings ponds”
Water pumped from mines after extraction usually low quality, highly acidic, contaminated w/ mined minerals
Most minerals are also processed in the same location as mining, producing massive amounts of emissions and air pollutants, damage vegetation and soils
Mine site is determined by presence of ore not suitability of environement for large scale industrial operations |
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Term
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Definition
Populations ofm ining towns entirely dependent on mining operation for employment and income,isolated from major urban centers, become impoverished when mine is not operation
Mine operation is based on the very volatile price fluctuations of mineral market, people rely on volatile and sporadic employment, whole mines close spontaneously rather than reducing level of mining
Entire mining town goes through repeated boom and bust cycle
Higher proportions of population in mineral dependent areas live below poverty line despite wealth generation of mining
Greater gaps b/w rich and poor in mineral rich countries
Mineral mining is a motive for war |
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Term
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Definition
| power production of dam threatened, pools of water attract mosquitoes and spread disease, toxic substances used to mine gold like cyanide dumped into ponds and get into ground/streams, people can not eat local fish anymore, down syndrome/birth defect rate highest in country, in Bolivar Venezuela |
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Term
| positive US ideas and movement against mining |
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Definition
Most mineral policy in US is guided by 1872 Mining Act- provided unlimited access to public lands for mineral exploration, gives US citizens and coroporations right to prospect for certain minerals on federal lands and file claims to mine and sell them, no payment to federal government fo minerals mined on federal lands
1. Ensure mining companies are charged roalties for minerals from federal lands 2. Establish federal program to minimize environmental impacts of mining after operations cease
1990 Clean Air Act Amendments- mining/minerals processing industries more monitored for air emissions |
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Term
| List three reforms of mining practices/the mining industry which can have a positive impact, and explain how these have or have not been carried out in a specific real-world context |
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Definition
- Ecuador 2008- terminates mining concessions: - that lack Env. Impact Studies - within protected areas - granted by nepotism - granted to public officials (e.g. in former Min. of Nat. Resources)
-though adverse impacts exist World Bank financing forced company to comply w/INTL law, WB policies- Extractive Industries Review (EIR) of the World Bank in 2001
- U.S.: change the 1872 General Mining Act so prices not artificially low
Were designed to promote mining, federal lands are sold at $5 /acre or less) low prices encourage demand mineral depletion |
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Term
| List three positive developments with respect to mineral conservation, recycling and mitigation or prevention of impacts (like in the Don Mario or La Oroya mine cases) |
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Definition
La Oroya- In response to being in 2006 Top Ten World’s Most polluted places Doe Run sent a letter stating it curbed its toxic emissions, invested$1 million yearly in program with Peruvian Ministry of Health to lower blood lead levels in the region.
-e.g. implemented mult-million $ indigenous peoples development program
more $ resources for monitoring by affected pops & govt AND stricter
-Reforestation program- built tree nursery w/ native species and hired natural history museum to revegetate/reforest areas that were cut
-90% of cars in US from recycled |
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Term
| renewable energy- Feed-in Tariffs-Description & German Case |
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Definition
(a “state-interventionist/keynesian” approach to energy conservation a law that stimulates private sector)- works w/in capitalism
Nation state intervenes to stimulate private sector w/ renewable energy
renewable E producers legal right to "feed-in" their output to the grid at a regulated price (i.e. set by the government)- know they will get a fixed price over the course of a large amount of time
GERMANY: gave fixed price for installation of renewable energy prod. for 20 years gives small independent power producers chance to get into market and sell at decent price
- allows small investors to get financing from banks
- over 200,000 people employed in renewable E industry in Germany (12% of Germany’s energy from solar, wind, hydro (renewable?), biomass (renewable?)
- implemented in over 30 countries
-guareanteed profitable w/in 12 years |
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Term
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Definition
Peak oil- most amount of oil extracted will reach a peak, some extraction areas already have some haven’t, finite amount, will eventually reach peak and then decrease, extracting it faster than it can be produced, highest peak in production, price will go up afterwards
-2009: historic moment: ½ way mark ... 50% world’s population in cities unique opportunity to “green” cities
Peak oil is an opportunity to make cities green and sustainable
Sustainable cities: ... a unique opportunity for sustainable development. The opportunities for energy and material efficiency, green building, and public transportation as well as for jobs, education, and health in the expansion of cities could move the world to a new level of sustainability.
But the failure to do so will lock us in over the next 50 years to the same urban infrastructure of the last 50 years and will perpetuate the… status quo. And sadly, the necessary triad of urban sustainability—cities that are habitable, efficient, and environmentally friendly—is still barely recognized at global levels.”
Peak oil will reverse globalization |
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Term
| oregon committment to clean energy |
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Definition
Oregon: in March 2016
became 1st state to pass historic bill to phase out coal and double down on renewables w/ bipartisan support
Oregon Legislature voted, with bipartisan support, to eliminate coal generation from the state’s future and committed its largest utilities to supply at least half of their electricity from renewable resources by 2040
**took major pressure from regional and national environmental groups on two largest electric utilities in Oregon—Portland General Electric and Pacific Power—and the state’s utility consumer advocate
Requires protest and direct action to make any real move against fossil fuel use
April 2017: Portland, Multnomah County commit to using 100% renewable energy by 2050 |
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Term
| statistics on human access to water |
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Definition
1.5 billion lack access to reliable drinking water
3 billion lack adequate sanitation
Per-capita use has doubled in past century–Increasing need for urban and agricultural use |
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Term
oregon clean water act unique
- local oregon dam |
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Definition
- use mushrooms to clean water
- Eugene Example: EWEB:- “The Eugene Water & Electric Board
Founded in 1911
provides electricity and water to more than 86,000 homes
- Nestle privitized water bottling in Oregon on Columbia River Gorge- Oregon voted against it |
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Term
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Definition
Why is privatization pushed? assumption that private is more efficient than public; vested interests, close ties between international financial institutions (IMF, World Bank etc), corporations (Suez, Bechtel, Vivendi etc) & government
IMF and World Bank push privatisation of water yet admit in water sector study of 6 countries show privatisation of water is not more efficient
IMF and World Bank want returns on their loans to countries through private water companies |
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Term
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Definition
given 40 yr lease, $2.5 bn deal, and 15-17% guaranteed annual profit
raised rates up to 200% w/in 2 mos. AND World Bank loan required locals buy permits for community wells & gather rainwater
street protests (50,000), internet campaign to Bechtel |
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Term
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Definition
China’s Three Gorges Dam- Yangtze River
Completed in 2015
400 miles long
250,000 workers
Generates power from the river equivalent of 18 nuclear power plants, much better alternative than coal
Irrigation, transportation, and control over floods that plagued region
Previous government projects in China poorly constructed
Will provide 1/9th of China’s power
Slows flow creating greater concentration of runoff from industry and agriculture
Displacement: 1.2 million people resettled. Lose 13 cities, lose 1300 historic sites |
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Term
| water scarcity linked to green revolution in us worldwide |
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Definition
Depletion of OGwalla aquifer under Kansas
Salinization•Buildup of toxic salts in the soil from irrigation•Hundreds of thousands of acres of farmland degraded (e.g. North Africa)
IN US 65% of water usage is for industry
Worldwide, 70% of water for agricultural use
17% of agricultural land is irrigated |
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Term
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Definition
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan- Aral Sea
Once fourth largest sea
Getting smaller and saltier since 1960
Water diverted for cotton production |
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Term
| Keynesian economics for water under obama |
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Definition
| Under OBama- Clean Water Act, specifying protection for up to 60 percent of the nation’s streams and millions of acres of wetlands which were not clearly designated before |
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Term
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Definition
39 percent of total energy use
12 percent of the total water consumption
68 percent of total electricity consumption
38 percent of the carbon dioxide emissions |
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