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| Environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. |
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Al Jazeera, literally "The Island", abbreviating "The [Arabian] Peninsula") is an independent broadcaster owned by the state of Qatar through the Qatar Media Corporation and headquartered in Doha, Qatar. Initially launched as an Arabic news and current affairs satellite TV channel.
Al-Jazeera gave the 2nd Gulf war a new face of news, from an Arabic point of view, as seen in the movie “Control Room” |
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| American Cable news network: One of the three major news corporations along with NBC and Fox News. |
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| The paradox between the proliferation of news and current affairs tv channels and the decline in the quality and quantity of foreign news, especially about and from the developing world. Even with 24 hour news there is little flow of news from the south to the North. It is argued that issues concerning the worlds poor are being increasingly marginalized as a softer, lifestyle variety of reporting appears to dominate global television news agendas. |
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| Distancing refers to the phenomenon when people watch or hear about news and distance themselves from certain images and coverage. So, Coverage on dead Americans will be much more powerful when viewed by an American audience than by a Middle Eastern one. While Middle Eastern audiences will respond more violently to images of destroyed Middle Easterners. |
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| a tendency for people to favor information that confirms their preconceptions or hypotheses regardless of whether the information is true. As a result, people gather evidence and recall information from memory selectively, and interpret it in a biased way. |
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| Green Revolution refers to a series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and the late 1970s, that increased agriculture production around the world, beginning most markedly in the late :D 1960s. |
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Norman Ernest Borlaug (March 25, 1914 – September 12, 2009) was an American agronomist, humanitarian, and Nobel laureate who has been called "the father of the Green Revolution". Borlaug received his Ph.D. in plant pathology and genetics from the University of Minnesota in 1942.
He took up an agricultural research position in Mexico, where he developed semi-dwarf, high-yield, disease-resistant wheat varieties. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 in recognition of his contributions to world peace through increasing food supply. |
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| The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) is an international NGO. Its headquarters are in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, and it has offices in sixteen countries. The main goal of IRRI is to find sustainable ways to improve the well-being of poor rice farmers and consumers, as well as the environment. The institute is one of 15 agricultural research centers around the world that form the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). It is Asia's largest non-profit agricultural research center. |
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| An increase in the price of food that occurs as a result of increased demand from human consumption and use as an alternative energy resource. While the competitive nature of retail supermarkets allows some of the effects of agflation to be absorbed, the price increases that agflation causes are largely passed on to the end consumer. The term is derived from a combination of the words "agriculture" and "inflation". |
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A famine is a widespread scarcity of food. This phenomenon is usually accompanied or followed by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased mortality.
caused by: poverty, war, drought, poor gov policy |
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Rely heavily on wheat, rice, corn, soy
There has been a recent increase in importing key food crops (think Big Four), forcing communities to be dependent on a number of factors to get food.
-Oil/ transportation, political relationships, climate, etc. all affect areas getting food. |
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A neologism for the global epidemic of obesity
1 billion overweight adults, 300 million obsese (115 in LDCs) |
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| The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as existing: “when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life” |
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| "Traditional" Agriculture |
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Localized, small-scale, subsistence level Localized dependencies
-Diverse, small scale, labor intensive, low output of a variety of crops. |
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| Fertilizer is any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is added to a soil to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. A recent assessment found that about 40 to 60% of crop yields are attributable to commercial fertilizer use. |
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| The Monsanto Company is a US-based multinational agricultural biotechnology corporation. It is the world's leading producer of the herbicide glyphosate, marketed as "Roundup". Monsanto is also the leading producer of genetically engineered (GE) seed; it provides the technology in 90% of the genetically engineered seeds used in the US market. It is headquartered in Creve Coeur, Missouri. |
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| Monsanto’s primary reason for enforcing its patents is to ensure a level playing field for the vast majority of honest farmers who abide by their agreements, and to discourage using technology illegally to gain an unfair advantage. This document lays out our commitment to farmers when reviewing, evaluating and investigating potential seed patent infringement matters. |
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| High-yielding varieties (HYVs) are any of a group of genetically enhanced cultivars of crops such as rice, maize and wheat that have an increased growth rate, an increased percentage of usable plant parts or an increased resistance against crop diseases. Those crops formed the basis for the Green Revolution. |
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| Genetically modified foods (GM foods or GMO foods) are foods derived from genetically modified organisms, (GMOs). Genetically modified organisms have had specific changes introduced into their DNA by genetic engineering techniques. These techniques are much more precise than mutagenesis (mutation breeding) where an organism is exposed to radiation or chemicals to create a non-specific but stable change. Other techniques by which humans modify food organisms include selective breeding; plant breeding, and animal breeding, and somaclonal variation. |
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| In agriculture, agribusiness is a generic term for the various businesses involved in food production, including farming and contract farming, seed supply, agrichemicals, farm machinery, wholesale and distribution, processing, marketing, and retail sales. |
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A Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) is a term that was first coined by the United States' Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to describe animal agricultural facilities that have a potential pollution profile. Specifically, the EPA defines a CAFO as an animal feeding operation (AFO) that (a) confines animals for more than 45 days during a growing season, (b) in an area that does not produce vegetation, and (c) meets certain size thresholds. The EPA's definition of the term "captures key elements of the transformations" observed in the animal agriculture sector over the course of the 20th century: "a production process that concentrates large numbers of animals in relatively small and confined places, and that substitutes structures and equipment (for feeding, temperature controls, and manure management) for land and labor."
Confined Animal Feeding Operations allow the production of huge populations of animals that can be slaughtered and marketed at rock-bottom costs. Produce ridiculous amounts of waste that the soil cannot absorb.
-1/3 of arable land used to grow animal feed. 70% of US antibiotics go to CAFOs.
The Smithfield example: From 2003-2007, 90% decline in number of hog farms in Romania From 1996-2008 56% decline in Poland |
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| Productionism holds that the fundamental problem of economic life is how steadily to increase the ability to produce in the face of a limitless need and desire for wealth |
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Fair trade is an organized social movement and market-based approach that aims to help producers in developing countries make better trading conditions and promote sustainability. The movement advocates the payment of a higher price to producers as well as higher social and environmental standards. It focuses in particular on exports from developing countries to developed countries, most notably handicrafts, coffee, cocoa, sugar, tea, bananas, honey, cotton, wine, fresh fruit, chocolate, flowers and gold.
Buying directly from small-scale producers and co-ops in global South at a fair price. Triple Bottom Line-à People, Profit, Planet.
-Currently confined mostly to non-essential food items |
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| The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a method of increasing the yield of rice produced in farming. It was developed in 1983 by the French Jesuit Father Henri de Laulanie in Madagascar. However full testing of the system did not occur until some years later. The productivity of SRI is under debate between supporters and critics of the system. Uses 80-90% fewer seeds Younger plants spaced in rows and squares for greater root space Fields not flooded (25% less water-better for soil) Lower or no inputs of pesticides and fertilizer DOES require more tilling for weed control |
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| Biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases. Although fossil fuels have their origin in ancient carbon fixation, they are not considered biofuels by the generally accepted definition because they contain carbon that has been "out" of the carbon cycle for a very long time. Biofuels are gaining increased public and scientific attention, driven by factors such as oil price spikes, the need for increased energy security, concern over greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, and support from government subsidies. |
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| Overpopulation is a condition where an organism's numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat. The term often refers to the relationship between the human population and its environment, the Earth. Steve Jones, head of the biology department at University College London, has said, "Humans are 10,000 times more common than we should be, according to the rules of the animal kingdom, and we have agriculture to thank for that. Without farming, the world population would probably have reached half a million by now." The world’s population has significantly increased in the last 50 years, mainly due to medical advancements and substantial increases in agricultural productivity. |
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Malthus has become widely known for his theories about population and its increase or decrease in response to various factors. The six editions of his An Essay on the Principle of Population, published from 1798 to 1826, observed that sooner or later population gets checked by famine and disease.
English economist who predicted in 1798 that the world would have high rates of population growth and suffer from poverty and starvation.
-Family planning, scientific revolutions and GMCrops challenged his argument, but food shortages and higher price trends since 2008 support the theory. |
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| the number of individuals aged below 15 or above 64 divided by the number of individuals aged 15 to 64, expressed as a percentage |
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| A population pyramid, also called an age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a human population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which ideally forms the shape of a pyramid when the region is healthy. It is also used in Ecology to determine the overall age distribution of a population; an indication of the reproductive capabilities and likelihood of the continuation of a species. |
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| A specific mass migration that is seen as especially influential to the course of history may be referred to as a 'great migration'. Examples of great migrations include the Barbarian Invasions during the Roman Empire, the Great Migration from England of the 1630s, the California Gold Rush from 1848–1850, and the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural American south to the industrial north during 1920–1950. |
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| Free Movement 1790-1875 New Regulations 1875-1920 (people excluded for reasons of health, race, political affiliation) National Origins Quota 1921-1964, Included the Bracero Program (1942-64) Family Reunion and Labor Needs (1965-pres.) 1986 Simpson-Mazolli Bill a.k.a. IRCA (Immigration Reform and Control Act) |
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| By a rough estimate, in 2005, two of every five migrants on the globe — some 78 million out of 191 million migrants — were residing in a developing country. Most of these migrants are likely to have come from other developing countries. However, the extent of migration between developing countries, called South-South migration, and the issues surrounding it remain poorly understood, largely because data on migration in developing countries are incomplete and unreliable. |
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| The reasons why people leave an area. Example: Lack of employment or entrepreneurial opportunities, Lack of political or religious rights, Restrictions on practice of religion, Shortage of farmland; hard to start new farms, Oppressive legal/political conditions, Military draft, warfare, Famine or drought Cultural fights with other cultural groups, Expulsion by armed force or coercion |
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| The reasons why people want to move to a specific area. Example: Better opportunities for acquiring farms for self and children, Cheap purchase of farmland, Instant wealth (as in California Gold Rush) , More job opportunities, Higher pay Prepaid travel (from relatives) , Better welfare programmes, Better schools, Join friends and relatives who have already moved, Build a new nation, Build religious community, Political freedom |
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| Migrants send over $338 billion to LDCs Ex. Philippines (pop. 83 million) 8 Million Migrants send home $12 billion/year about 10% of country’s GDP |
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| The Bracero Program (named for the Spanish term bracero, "strong-arm" (lit. "one who works with his arms") and ultimately derived from brazo, "arm") was a series of laws and diplomatic agreements, initiated by an August 1942 exchange of diplomatic notes between the United States and Mexico, for the importation of temporary contract laborers from Mexico to the United States. American president Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Mexican president Manuel Ávila Camacho in Monterey to discuss Mexico as part of the Allies in World War II and the Bracero Program. After the expiration of the initial agreement in 1947, the program was continued in agriculture under a variety of laws and administrative agreements until its formal end in 1964. |
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| The term brain drain was coined by the Royal Society to describe the emigration of "scientists and technologists" to North America from post-war Europe. Another source indicates that this term was first used in the United Kingdom to describe the influx of Indian scientist and engineers. The converse phenomenon is "brain gain", which occurs when there is a large-scale immigration of technically qualified persons. There are also relevant phrases called "brain circulation" and "brain waste". Brain drain is common amongst developing nations, such as the former colonies of Africa, the island nations of the Caribbean, and particularly in centralized economies such as former East Germany and the Soviet Union, where marketable skills were not financially rewarded. |
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