Translation:

Written

Static

Carefully Constructed

Flows

Prep Time

Speed is not necessarily a factor

Specific audience is often unknown

Output is delayed

Lacks extra-linguistic features

Interpretation:

Spoken

Evanescent (fluid)

Redundant

Starts and stops

Little prep time

Speed is a factor

Audience known

Output is immediate

Extra linguistic features are present (ej. gestures)

1. Omissions

2. Additions

3. Substitutions

4. Transformations

when...

-Do not know the meaning of the words, phrases or sentences

-Words cannot be translated

-Cannot keep up with the pace of the speaker

-Cannot retain all of the details and have forgotten what has been said

-Words appear to be of no importance

when...

-an interpreter/translator wishes to be more elaborate

-they wish to editorialize

-they need to explain a difficult concept for which has no equivilant in other language

when...

-an interpreter or translator makes an error

-misunderstand the speaker

-they cannot keep up with the pace of the speaker and must make up material based on words they did hear

-They are confused about a word (e.g. homonyms)

-they fail to retreive a specific word or phrase

-they use an incorrect referece

when the interpreter/translator switched the word order of the statement, which sometimes distorts the meanings.

1. Linguistic barriers:

differences in spoken language

2. Barriers of register and experience in health care:

High complex health care language (high register) which could also be specific to a certain type of health care (Western biomedicine)

3. Cultural barrieres:

Differences in cultures which can affect expectations, behavior of both patient provider and quality of care

4. Systemic barriers:

the complexity of the health care system and systemic problems such as Racism that can create barriers

1. Conduit (least invasive)

Most basic role. Interpret the source language into the target language

2. Clarifier

Interpreter adjusts register, makes word pictures of terms and checks for understanding

3. Culture broker

Provides necessary framework for understanding of cultural differences

4. Advocate (Most invasive)

When needs of patient aren't being met due to systemic barriers. Advocate informs patients of other options and resources for outside of the doctor's office.

A relationship where parties do not want the same outcome

(ejemplo) court room

Defense wants not guilty

Prosecutor wants guilty

Judge wants the truth

Everyone is working together for the same outcome

(ejemplo) medical setting

Interpreter, patient and provider all want the patient to get better

1. Provider- patient

2. interpreter- patient

3. interpreter- provider

The idea of an interpreter moving from role to role in an interpretation.

Starts as a conduit, switches to clarifier, then back to conduit, then advocates for extra resources, and then back to a conduit.

They are NOT...:

-a social worker

-emotional suport system or a best friend

-an interface (connection) with the wider English-speaking community

- a guarenteed good Medical outcome or interview

Anytime two people from different cultures interact

An interpretation is always a cross cultural encounter

-age

-class

-experience

-gender

-race

-religion

-political/sexual orientation

-language

EXTERNAL FACTORS: (inflicted upon you)

socio/economic status (rich or poor)

where you grewup

personal experiences

INTERNAL FACTORS: (born with)

Gender

ethnicity

Sexual orientation

1. Awareness and acceptance of difference

2. Awareness of one's own culture

3. Understanding the dynamics of difference

4. Institutionalization of cultural knowledge

5. Adaptation to diversity

1.Awareness:

process of becoming aware of other cultural viewpoints and taking into accound the diversity in values, beliefs,practices, lifestyles and problem-solving strategies

2. Knowledge:

Learning about these differences that affect the world view of others. Learning about their story helps distinguish common traits of a community and indiviual traits

3. Skills:

using awareness and knowledge to intergrate them carefully into the "Western bio-medical system". Helps facilitate conversation instead of confrontation.

1. Confidetiality

2. Accuracy

3. Completeness

4. Conveying cultural frameworks

5. Non-judgemental attitude

6. Client self-determination

7. Attitude towards clients

8. Acceptance of assignments

9. Compensation

10. Self-evaluation

11. Ethical Violations

12. Professionalism

Confidentiality

and it's exception!

Not telling anyone anything that you learn about a patient or a situation for which you are interpreting

exception:

1. in cases of child or elder abuse

2. if a patient is threatening violence to self or to others

Must interpret everything that is said in the interaction by everyone present-- no omitting, changing, condensing or adding.

partial exception: if due to cultural difference, the provider might say something terribly offesnive in the patient's culture, the interpreter should inform the provider if he or she wants to rephrase before interpreting

The interpreter should not accept the assignment if:

-The interpreter does not feel technically qualified

- the interpreters feels uncomfortable with subject matter

- there is a real or perceived conflict of interest (professional and personal responsibilities)

Professional behavior always includes:

acting respectfully and responsible at all times

arriving on time

dressing appropriately

Know professional interpreter culture:

Depending on state, obtain correct license

have legal contracts

Carry EOI (Errors and Omissions Insurance) to protect yourself