Gain thier meaning by comparison

    Ex. Slow, smart, stupid, short and long

    Ex. probable, good chance 

Govern the grammar of language: the meaning of a statements

    * The syntax

Govern the use and meaning of a statement    

    how to interpret messages in a given context 

Ex. Hedges: I'm kinda disappointed"

    Hesitations: " Uh can you hold a minute?"

    Intensifiers " I'm not very hungry"

    Polite Forms: "Excuse me sir.."

    Tag Questions: 'It's about time we started, isn't it"?

    Discalimer (Qualifier): " I'm not really sure but.."

    Rising inflections: talk as if asking a questions 

Describes something but actually announces the speaker's attitude toward a particualr subject

Ex.    Approve        Disapprove

        thrifty           cheap

replace the personal pronoun "I" with the less immediate word "it"

    Ex. "It bothers me when you are late"

Users want to avoid responsibility for ownership of message 

ex. " You're really a great person, but I think we ought to stop seeing each other."

Often is a strategy for wrapping the speakers real but unpleasant message to another person

    - "Save Face" strategy 

Sincere requests for information

ex "What are we having for dinner? -- may mean "I want to eat out or want to get a pizza"

Is an indirect way of communicating that would be difficult to address head on

Generally value using language to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as clearly and logically as possible

    Ex. US, Europe, Canada 

Use language to maintain social harmony. Rather than upset others by speaking clearly.

      Ex. Asia, S.America, Africa

Thoery that the worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language its members speak

    Ex. Eskimos, and many ways to call "snow" 

Messages that are expressed b nonliguistic means

    -Body, face, dimensions of spoken word (pitch, rate, volume, etc.) 

Redirecting instructions through non-verbal means

    Ex. saying "north", then pointed to the direction 

nonverbal behaviors matcfh the thoughts and emotions that the communicators is expressing linguistically

    Ex. saying "Thank You" can mean differntly depending on the type of nonverbal messages that go with it 

Useful when communicators are reluctant to express thier feelings in words.

    Ex. Yawn= bored, Thumbs down= no mercy 

Emphasize a certain idea in oral messages

    Ex "It was your idea"

Influence the flow of verbal communication

    Ex. nodding while saying "I understand" 

Mixed messages. or the oppossite of what an individual meant to say

    Ex. Somone veins bulging out while saying "angry, no I'm freaking hungry" 

Deception, double message of an intent message

    Ex. Example somone lying and stuttering to show that he/she is lying 

Gestures that are most common

    Ex. While giving directions orally, an individual is pointing gesturing physically how to get there 

deliberate nonverbal behaviors that have a precise meaning, known virtually to everyone within a particular culture group.

    Ex. In N. AM, waving="hello, or bye" 

Unconscious body movements in iresose to the environment

    Ex. Shivering while it's cold 

Self-touching, often shows discomfort

    Ex. Hands shaking during an interview 

Quick flashes or nonverbal response

    Ex, when somene says hello, that person's left eye always blinks 

Social scientist use term to describe nonverbal, vocal messages

    Ex. Emphasizing this in a sentence, "This is a great book!" 

Describe the stud of how humans use and structure time

    Ex. Monochronic: American, Europeans

        emphasize doing things on time

     Ex. Polchronic: S. Am, Arabs

        more flexible schedules, many taks can be done at the same time