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Interpersonal Comm
Exam1
75
Communication
Undergraduate 2
09/27/2010

Additional Communication Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Interpersonal

Communication

Definition
A dynamic form of communication between two or more people in which the messages exchanged significantly influence their thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and relationships.
Term
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Definition

Self-Actualization

Ego

Social

Security

Physical

Term
1/7 principles of interpersonal comm
Definition

Contains both content and relationship:

content: actual words said

relationship info: through nonverbal cues such as vocal tone, pitch, volume, facial expression, eye contact, hand gestures, posture

Term

2/7 principles of comm

intentional or unintentional

Definition

"one cannot not communicate"

verbal/nonverbal

Term

3/7

effective or ineffective

Definition

Effective: understanding sender and receiver

Miscommunication: sending an intentional message that is misinterpreted

Attempted: sending an intentional message that the receiver misses

Misinterpretation: unintentionally sending a message that is misinterpreted

Accidental:unintentionally sending a message that the receiver observes and interprets correctly

Term

4/7

symmetrical or asymmetrical

Definition

symmetrical: same on both sides

asymmetrical: different feelings

Term

5/7

Intertwined with Ethics

Definition
One can choose to be ethical or unethical
Term

6/7

Irreversible

Definition
Communication choices you make directly determine the personal, interpersonal, and relationship outcomes that follow
Term

7/7

IPC is dynamic

Definition

(ever changing)

communication, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, emotions are all in flux

no two interactions will ever be the same

no two moments with the same interaction will ever be identical

Term

1st step of remembering a name

Impression

Definition

-hear distinctly- listen, focus on the name

-ask them to repeat, spell, or write it

-take a mental snapshot of the person

-vocal tone, facial characteristics, body

Term

2nd step of remembering a name

Repitition

Definition

-use their name in conversation several times

-repeat silently

-use their name afterwards

Term

3rd step of remembering someone's name

Association

Definition

-rhyme

-appearance

-meaning

-mind picture

-similar name

 

Term
Building rapport
Definition

-name is only an offshoot of the desire to remember the person behind the name

-show genuine interest

-be a good listener

-make connections

-make them feel important and liked by being sincere

Term
Primacy effect
Definition
The first information we receive about others along with our stereotypes, shapes our overall impression of them
Term
Confirmatory bias
Definition
confirm original bias (positive or negative)
Term

Romantic introductions

3 types

Definition

Flippant: goofy

Innocuous: conversation starter (works better on girls)

Direct: (girls & boys prefer)

*all work for boys

 

Term
4 elements of comm
Definition

Observation: report what senses tell you

Opinion: draw conclusions, make value judgements

feeling: give emotion

need: express what you want or think you want in a given situation

Term

Politeness Theory

 

goal:

Definition

Explains why and how individuals try to promote, protect, or "save" face

 

Term

 

 

face

Definition
desired self image you wish to present to others (& the recognition that others have face)
Term

 

 

2 sides of face

Definition

 

 

Positive: need to be liked, appreciated, admired

Negative: desire to act freely without constraint

*can overlap

Term

 

 

3 assumptions of politeness theory

Definition

 

1. All people are concerned with maintaining face

2. Humans are rational and goal oriented

3. Some behaviors are fundamentally face threatening

Term

 

 

Preventative facework

Definition

 

 

Avoid/change topics, lie, pretend not to notice

Term



Corrective facework

5 strategies

Definition

 

1. Avoid 2. Go off the record (hint) 3. Negative politeness 4. Positive politeness 5. Bald on record

<----------------------------------------------->

Maintaining positive face                                          Maintaining negative face

 

*women are much more likely to "save" face and use politeness

*prestige, power, and risk can all effect decisions in politeness

Term

 

5 types of Qualifying Language

1.

Definition

 

 

1. Intensifiers: soooo, quite, very (women 5x more)

 

Term

 

5 types of Qualifying language

2.

Definition

2. Hedgers: try to soften: maybe, perhaps, just saying (no gender)

--------Disclaimers: type of hedger:---------

-credentialing: I'm your mother so...

-sin license: it IS my birthday...

-cognitive disclaimer: this might sound crazy but...

-appeal for suspended judgement: just hear me out...


Term

 

 

5 types of qualifying language

3.

Definition

 

Verbal fillers: like, right, well, ok

(no gender difference)

Term

 

5 types of qualifying language

4.

Definition

 

Hypercorrection: "Affect not Effect"

(women do more often)

Term

 

 

5 types of qualifying language

5.

Definition

 

Socioeconomic rationale:

 

jobs, main caretaker

Term

 

Question Asking

Compound vs. Direct

Definition

 

Compound: "I know it's probably my turn, and that you did it last week, but would you mind if you get a minute taking out the trash?" (women)

Direct: "Take out the trash." (men)

Term

 

 

Tag Questions

Definition


making a declarative statement and following it with a question relating to same statement

example: "I hated that movie, didn't you?"

-mixed sex 3x's as many as in female groups

-men in professional meetings twice as many as women

Term

 

Use of Questions

men vs. women

Definition

 

 

Women: permission to take the floor, conversation starters

Men: Interrogation, conversation direction selection

Term

 

 

Uncertainty

Definition

 

 

the inability to predict the attitudes and/or behaviors of another

Term

 

 

Premise of the Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Definition

 

When strangers meet, their main concern is one of uncertainty reduction or increased predictability about the behavior of both themselves and others in the interaction.
Assumption: the driving force of initial encounters is obtaining information about the other person to reduce uncertainty

Term

 

4 reasons we want to decrease uncertainty

Definition

 

1. High incentive value

2. Anticipated future interaction

3. If someone is deviating from expected behavior

4. Anticipated positive versus negative information

Term

 

8 axioms of URT

Definition

1. At onset we talk because we have uncertainty. As verbal communication increases, uncertainty decreases

2. Uncertainty causes us to be nonverbally expressive. The more nonverbal expressive, the less uncertainty

3. At onset high uncertainty leads to high information seeking. As uncertainty lowers, so does info seeking

4. When uncertainty is high, there are low levels of intimate verbal communication. As uncertainty lowers, intimate verbal communication rises

5. When uncertainty is high, there are high levels of turn-taking

6. Similarity reduces uncertainty. Lack of them increases uncertainty.

7. Increases in uncertainty levels produce decreases in liking and vice cersa

8. Shared communication networks reduce uncertainty and vice versa

Term

 

3 ways we info-seek to reduce uncertainty

Definition

 

Passive: observe from a distance

Active: Ask a 3rd party

Interactive: Ask person directly

Term

Family Comm:

Cohesion

Definition

How loyal is your family? Do you communicate? Do you hang out?

 

Term

 

Cohesion: disengaged

Definition

members maintain extreme separateness, little family loyalty/belonging

 

(ex: children don't know their father or he isn't part of the picture)

Term

 

 

Cohesion: Separated

Definition

Experience emotional independence, with some joint involvement

 

Term

 

 

Cohesion: Connected

Definition

 

 

Strive for emotional closeness, loyalty, and joint involvement

Term

 

 

Cohesion: enmeshed

Definition

 

 

Experience extreme closeness, loyalty, and almost no individuality

Term

 

 

Adaptability: rigid

Definition

 

 

Operate under decision making styles and strict rules and roles

Term

 


Adaptability: Structured

Definition

 

Experience authoritarian and some equalitarian leadership and stable rules and roles

Term

 

 

Adaptability: flexible

Definition

 

experience negotiation and decision making and easily changed rules and roles

Term

 

Adaptability: chaotic

Definition

 

Have nonexistent leadership, confused decision making and varied rules and roles

Term

 

Time, space, and energy: closed

Definition

 

Tend to regulate functions with fixed boundaries. Interact less with outside world; spend time, fulfill needs within the family unit, events are tightly scheduled and predictable

Term

 

Time, space, and energy: open

Definition

 

flexible boundaries, members are encouraged to seek experiences in the outside space and RETURN to the family with ideas family may use if group likes it; seldom use censorship or force

Term

 

Time, space, energy: random

Definition

 

unpredictable, do your own thing, family members and outsiders JOIN in the living space based on interest or desire, time spent together is irregular

Term

 

Self-disclosure: high cohesion

Definition

 

May resist negative disclosure (hurts the loyalty, everyone "feels" it)

Term

 

Self-disclosure: low cohesion

Definition

 

May tolerate negative self-disclosure but have difficulty with positive self disclosure because they're not about emotions

Term

 

Sexuality Discussions

 

 

Definition

-10-15% have had "the talk"

-majority report dissatisfaction with quantity or quality of sex discussion

-focus on support and openness vs instruction vs place upon them sexual attitudes

Term

 

Characteristics of a Dysfuntional Family

Definition

-Interactions are complex

-Cruelty

-Scapegoat

-Lack restraint

-Distortion (blurred boundaries)

-Life is taken too seriously (low humor & joy)

-Misperceptions govern interactions

Term

 

3 types of relational dialectics:

 

 

Definition

1. Connectedness-Separateness (we-me)

2. Certainty-Uncertainty (routine-spontaneity)

3. Openness-Closedness

<----------------------------------->

Low IPC                         High IPC

Term

Psychological
Definition

 

Has to do with 1 person. Example, my mother always says "God is watching you." No one else but me and my mom know the implications of this statement.

Term

 

 

Social

Definition

 

Pertains to something people of an area would know...example: "Go Cocks!"

Term

 

 

Cultural

Definition

 

Something EVERYONE knows....golden rule, etc

Term

 

7 Principles of Interpersonal Communications

Definition

1. IPC contains content & relational info

2. IPC is irreversible

3. IPC is dynamic (ever changing)

4. IPC is intertwined with ethics

5. One cannot not communicate

6. IPC can be effective or ineffective

7. IPC can be symmetrical or asymmetrical

Term
Study on stability
Definition

1. Support from partner's network

2. Communication w/ partners network

3. amount of communication w/ partner=

4. amount of similarity between partners

 

1 & 2 most important to stability in a relationship

Term

 

 

8 Codes of Nonverbal Comm

Definition

1. Kinesics (waving)

2. Vocalics (pitch, loudness)

3. Haptics (shaking hands)

4. Proxemics (distance)

5. Chronemics (use of time)

6. Physical Appearance

7. Artifacts (personal belongings)

8. Environment (structure of physical surroundings)

Term

 

 

Attributions

Definition

 

 

Reasons we create for WHY we do something & WHY things happen

 

Term

 

 

Explanations for Attributions

(chart)

 

Definition

 

 

Internal & Stable   |    External & Stable


Internal & Unstable   |    External & Unstable

Term

 

 

Actor/Observer Effect

Definition

 

We interpret what happens to I and to you differently in the same situation.

Term

 

 

Fundamental Attribution Bias

Definition

 

 

Tendency to attribute the behavior of others to dispositional characters

Term

 

 

Just World Theory

Definition

 

 

Karma...What goes around comes around

Term

 


CORFing

BIRGing

Definition

 

Cutting Off Reflected Failure

 

Basking In Reflected Glory

Term

 

Liking (2)

Definition

 


Affection: Enjoyable interactions, feel good around them...warmth, closeness, fondness

Term

 

Loving (3)

Definition

Caring: need to give without concern for receiving

 

Intimacy: sense of deep union between two people

 

Attachment: powerful drive to be in another's presence. Needing approval, social support, and comfort from someone.

Term

 

 

Gender Stereotypes on Love

Quiz 1-9

Definition

Who falls in love faster MEN
Who falls out of love faster WOMEN
Who recovers better after a relationship WOMEN
See more problems in the relationship WOMEN
Dump more WOMEN
Dump more if less involved MEN
See breakups as “abrupt” MEN
Suffers more after breakup MEN
Who is more romantic MEN

Term

 

 

Romantic Notions

Definition

Love at first sight MEN

"Only real love, true love leads to perfect happiness" MEN

Pragmas, socioeconomic reality to be more careful & practical WOMEN

Happiest: Married men

Depressed: Married women

Term

 

 

Quiz Continued

Definition

Tend to like their partners better? WOMEN
Fall in love more often? WOMEN
Report more intense/varied emotions (feeling euphoric and wanting to scream)? WOMEN
Are ready to marry earlier – if age is around the same? WOMEN
Experience unrequited love more? WOMEN
More intense romantic experiences (their perceptions and behaviors are more affected by their affection) MEN

Term

 

 

Love Styles

Definition

Storge: close friendship that becomes love, emotions positive but muted, shared interest in activities

Agapic: selfless, partner's needs before own, giving not receiving, happiness relies on giving

Manic: possessive, demanding, controlling, emotional, obsessive, mostly emotional lows, dependent

Pragma: logical, shopping list, SET 5:1, highest confidence/self esteem level, leave if better fit comes along

Ludic: game playing, casual relationships, avoid commitment, ask right questions, good at getting to know others without telling personal info, sex is fun not serious, pursuit is most rewarding, principle of least interest

Eros: passionate, love at first sight, intense emotional highs and lows, high self disclosure, love falling in love, desire physical contact, high levels of nonverbal affection

Term

 

4 Step Dialogue for Termination

Definition

Summary statement "It's been 2 long years.."

Decreased access message "it is time to come to an end and "see other people"

Future interaction & relationship "I never want to see you again"

Decide separation rules "I get to keep xyz"

Term

 

 

Knapp's stages of escalation

Definition

Initiating: time sensitive, BEFORE talking, plan what to say, display self as pleasant, likeable, brag, showoff, deceive, scan for commonalities, nervous caustious, situation and time constraints

Experimenting: try to reduce uncertainty, small talk, most don't progress beyond this stage

Intensifying: moving beyond superficial knowledge, gradual movement, increase breadth (range of knowledge) and depth (how much), nicknames, YOU see yourself as "we", inside jokes, verbal shortcuts

Integrating: identities fuse, merge social circles, OTHERS see you as we, common property, similarities in speech, dress, mannerisms, attitudes, beliefs, activities. LONG TERM RELATIONSHIPS: Integrating & differentiating

Bonding: public ritual, shortest stage, harder to terminate

Term

 

 

Knapp's model of de-escalation

Definition

Differentiating: to become distinct, confused, lonely, focus on differences (link btw core values and differences)

Circumscribing: superficial & restricted to certain topics, touchy topics, less affection talk, individualistic activities, cold, distant, unloved, others don't know (silent to party...)

Stagnating: Communication is infrequent, tense, and awkward, any talk will produce negativity, even superficial talk produces negativity, get reward outside the pairing, avoid pain of termination, hope revival, enjoy punishing the other person

Avoiding: short period, rearrange lives to avoid contact, talk is unfriendly, lack of energy to help relationship, angry about why still in the relationship

Termination: ending verbally, physically, and psychologically

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