Term
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Definition
| The relationships among the world’s state governments and the connection of those relationships with other actors (such as the United Nations, multinational corporations, and individuals), with other social relationships (including economics, culture, and domestic politics), and with geographic and historical influences |
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Definition
| A tangible or intangible good, created by the members of a group, that is available to all group members regardless of their individual contributions; participants can gain by lowering their own contribution to the collective good, yet if too many participants do so, the good cannot be provided |
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| A principle for solving collective goods problems by imposing solution hierarchically |
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| A response in kind to another’s actions; a strategy of reciprocity uses positive forms of leverage to promise rewards and negative forms of leverage to threaten punishment |
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| A principle for solving collective goods problems by changing participants’ preferences based on their shared sense of belonging to a community |
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| Distinct spheres of international activity (such as global trade negotiations) within which policy makers of various states face conflicts and sometimes achieve cooperation |
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| The types of actions that states take towards each other through time |
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| A sub-field of international relations (IR) that focuses on questions of war and peace |
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| international political economy |
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Definition
| The study of the politics of trade, monetary, and other economic relations among nations, and their connection to other transnational forces. |
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| An inhabited territorial entity controlled by a government that exercises sovereignty on its territory |
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| The set of relationships among the world’s states, structured by certain rules and patterns of interaction |
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| States whose populations share a sense of national identity, usually including a language and culture |
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| The size of a state’s total annual economic activity. |
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| Actors other than state governments that operate either below the level of the state (that is, within states) or across state borders |
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| intergovernmental organizations |
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Definition
| ) Organizations (such as the United Nations and its agencies) whose members are state governments |
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| nongovernmental organizations |
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Definition
| Transnational groups or entities (such as the Catholic Church, Greenpeace, and the International Olympic Committee) that interact with states, multinational corporations (MNCs), other NGOs and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs |
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| The increasing integration of the world in terms of communications, culture, and economics; may also refer to changing subjective experiences of space and time accompanying this process |
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| The disparity in resources (income, wealth, and power) between the industrialized, relatively rich countries of the West (and the former East) and the poorer countries of Africa, the Middle East, and much of Asia and Latin America |
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Definition
| A broad intellectual tradition that explains international relations mainly in terms of power. |
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| An approach that emphasizes international law, morality, and international organization, rather than power alone, as key influences on international relations |
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| An organization established after World War I and a forerunner of today’s United Nations; it achieved certain humanitarian and other successes but was weakened by the absence of the US membership and by its own lack of effectiveness in ensuring collective security |
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| A symbol of the failed policy of appeasement, this agreement, signed in 1938, allowed Nazi Germany to occupy a part of Czechoslovakia. Rather than appease German aspirations, it was followed by further German expansions, which triggered World War II. |
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Definition
| The ability or potential to influence others’ behavior, as measured by the possession of certain tangible and intangible characteristics |
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| The use of geography as an element of power, and the ideas about it held by political leaders and scholars |
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| In IR theory, the term implies not complete chaos but a lack of a central government that can enforce rules. |
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| The shared expectations about what behavior is considered proper. |
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| A state’s right, at least in principle, to do whatever it wants within its own territory; traditionally sovereignty is the most important international norm |
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| A situation in which states’ actions taken to assure their own security (such as deploying more military forces) are perceived as threats to the security of other states. |
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| The general concept of one or more states’ power being used to balance that of another state or group of states. The term can refer to (1) any ratio of power capabilities between states or alliances, (2) a relatively equal ratio, or (3) the process by which counterbalancing coalitions have repeatedly formed to prevent one state from conquering an entire region |
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| Generally, the half dozen or so most powerful states; the great-power club was exclusively European until the twentieth century |
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| States that rank somewhat below the great powers in terms of their influence on world affairs (for example, Brazil and India). |
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| A version of realist theory that emphasizes the influence on state behavior of the system’s structure, especially the international distribution of power. |
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| The holding by one state of a preponderance of power in the international system, so that it can single-handedly dominate the rules and arrangements by which international political and economic relations are conducted. |
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| hegemonic stability theory |
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Definition
| The argument that regimes are most effective when power in the international system is most concentrated |
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| The ease with which the members hold together an alliance: it tends to be high when national interests converge and when cooperation among allies becomes institutionalized |
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Definition
| The distribution of the costs of an alliance among members; the term also refers to the conflicts that may arise over such distribution |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
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Definition
| ) A U.S.-led military alliance formed in 1949 with mainly West European members, to oppose and deter Soviet power in Europe. It is currently expanding into the former Soviet bloc. |
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Definition
| A Soviet-led Eastern European military alliance, founded in 1955 and disbanded in 1991. It opposed the NATO alliance |
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| U.S.- Japanese Security Treaty |
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Definition
| A bilateral alliance between the United States and Japan, created in 1951 against the potential Soviet threat to Japan. The United States maintains troops in Japan and is committed to defend Japan if attacked, and Japan pays the United States to offset about half the cost of maintaining the troops |
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Definition
| The threat to punish another actor if it takes a certain negative action (especially attacking one’s own state or one’s allies). The term has a somewhat more specific meaning in the context of the nuclear balance between the superpowers during the Cold War |
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Definition
| The use of force to make another actor take some action (rather than, as in deterrence, refrain from taking an action). |
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Definition
| A reciprocal process in which two (or more) states build up military capabilities in response to each other. |
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| Actors conceived as single entities that can “think” about their actions coherently, make choices, identify their interests, and rank the interests in terms of priority |
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| The interests of a state overall (as opposed to particular parties or factions within the state). (57) |
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| A calculation of the costs incurred by a possible action and the benefits it is likely to bring. ( |
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| A branch of mathematics concerned with predicting bargaining outcomes. Games such as Prisoner’s Dilemma and Chicken have been used to analyze various sorts of international interactions |
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| A situation in which one actor’s gain is by definition equal to the others loss, as opposed to a non-zero-sum game, in which it is possible for both actors to gain (or lose). |
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| A situation modeled by game theory in which rational actors pursuing their individual interests all achieve worse outcomes than they would have by working together. |
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| A political and economic situation in which two states are simultaneously dependent on each other for their well being. The degree of interdependence is sometimes designated in terms of “sensitivity” or “vulnerability.” |
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Definition
| Shorthand for “neoliberal institutionalism”, an approach that stresses the importance of international institutions in reducing the inherent conflict that realists assume in an international system; the reasoning is based on the core liberal idea that seeking long-term mutual gains is often more rational than maximizing individual short-term gains |
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Definition
| A set of rules, norms, and procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain international issue area (such as oceans or monetary policy). |
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Definition
| The formation of a broad alliance of most major actors in an international system for the purpose of jointly opposing aggression by any actor; sometimes seen as presupposing the existence of a universal organization (such as the United Nations) to which both the aggressor and its opponents belong. |
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| The proposition, strongly supported by empirical evidence, that democracies almost never fight wars against each other (although they do fight against authoritarian states. |
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| An approach that denies the existence of a single fixed reality, and pays special attention to texts and to discourses -- that is, to how people talk and write about a subject |
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| Meanings that are implicit or hidden in a text rather than explicitly addressed |
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| A categorization of individuals based on economic status. |
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| A branch of socialism that emphasizes exploitation and class struggle and includes both communism and other approaches. |
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Definition
| The development and implementation of peaceful strategies for settling conflicts |
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Definition
| The use of a third party (or parties) in conflict resolution |
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| A peace that resolves the underlying reasons for war; not just a cease-fire but a transformation of relationships, including elimination or reduction of economic exploitation and political oppression |
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| A centralized world governing body with strong enforcement powers |
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| Movements against specific wars or against war and militarism in general, usually involving large numbers of people and forms of direct action such as street protests |
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| A strand of feminism that believes gender differences are not just socially constructed and that views women as inherently less warlike than men (on average). |
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| A strand of feminism that emphasizes gender equality and views the “essential” differences in men’s and women’s abilities or perspectives as trivial or nonexistent |
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| An effort to combine feminist and postmodernist perspectives with the aim of uncovering the hidden influences of gender in IR and showing how arbitrary the construction of gender roles is. |
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| Refers to polls showing women lower than men on average in their support for military actions (as well as for various other issues and candidates). |
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| War for control of the entire world order -- the rules of the international system as a whole. Also known as world war, global war, general war, or systemic war. |
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| Warfare by one state waged to conquer and occupy another; modern total war originated in the Napoleonic Wars, which relied upon conscription on a mass scale |
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| Military actions that seek objectives short of the surrender and occupation of the enemy |
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| A war between factions within a state trying to create, or prevent, a new government for the entire state or some territorial part of it. |
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| Warfare without front lines and with irregular forces operating in the midst of, and often hidden or protected by, civilian populations |
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| Government bodies established in several countries after internal wars to hear honest testimony and bring to light what really happened during these wars, and in exchange to offer most of the participants asylum from punishment. |
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| A difference in preferred outcomes in a bargaining situation. |
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| Identification with and devotion to the interests of one’s nation. It usually involves a large group of people who share a national identity and often a language, culture, or ancestry. |
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Definition
| Large groups of people who share ancestral, language, cultural, or religious ties and a common identity. |
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| The intentional and systematic attempt to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, in whole or in part. It was confirmed as a crime under international law by the UN Genocide Convention (1948 |
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| The tendency to see one’s own group (in-group) in favorable terms and an out-group in unfavorable terms. |
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| A state created apart from religious establishments and in which there is a high degree of separation between religious and political organizations |
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| A broad and diverse world religion whose divergent populations include Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, and many smaller branches and sects, practiced by Muslims, from Nigeria to Indonesia, centered in the Middle East. |
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| Political ideology based on instituting Islamic principles and laws in government. A broad range of groups using diverse methods come under this category. |
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| A form of nationalism whose goal is the regaining of territory lost to another state; it can lead directly to violent interstate conflicts |
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| Forced displacement of an ethnic group or groups from a particular territory, accompanied by massacres and other human rights violations; it has occurred after the breakup of multinational states, notably in the former Yugoslavia |
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| The waters near states’ shores generally treated as part of national territory. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea provides for a 12-mile territorial sea (exclusive national jurisdiction over shipping and navigation) and a 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) covering exclusive fishing and mineral rights (but allowing for free navigation by all). |
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| The space above a state that is considered its territory, in contrast to outer space, which is considered international territory |
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| The subordination of state authority or national identity to larger institutions and groupings such as the European Union. |
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| The expectations held by participants about normal relations among states |
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| international organizations |
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Definition
| They include intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as the UN, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). |
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| The founding document of the United Nations; it is based on the principles that states are equal, have sovereignty over their own affairs, enjoy independence and territorial integrity, and must fulfill international obligations. The Charter also lays out the structure and methods of the UN. |
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| Comprised of representatives of all states, it allocates UN funds, passes non-binding resolutions, and coordinates third world development programs and various autonomous agencies through the Economic and Social Council |
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| A body of five great powers (which can veto resolutions) and ten rotating member states, which makes decisions about international peace and security including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces. |
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| The UN’s executive branch, led by the secretary-general |
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| The use of military peacekeepers, civilian administrators, police trainers, and similar efforts to sustain peace agreements and build stable, democratic governments in societies recovering from civil wars. Since 2005, a UN Peacebuilding Commission has coordinated and supported these activities |
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| UN Conference on Trade and Development |
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Definition
| A structure established in 1964 to promote third world development through various trade proposals. |
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| World Health Organization |
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Definition
| Based in Geneva, it provides technical assistance to improve health conditions in the third world and conducts major immunization campaigns. |
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| World Court (International Court of Justice |
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Definition
| ) The judicial arm of the UN; located in The Hague, it hears only cases between states. |
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Definition
| The process by which the status of embassies and that of an ambassador as an official state representative are explicitly defined |
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| Refers to diplomats’ activity being outside the jurisdiction of the host country’s national courts. |
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Definition
| A branch of international law and political theory that defines when wars can be justly started (jus ad bellum) and how they can be justly fought (jus in bello). |
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Definition
| Rights of all persons to be free from abuses such as torture or imprisonment for their political beliefs (political and civil rights), and to enjoy certain minimum economic and social protections (economic and social rights). |
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| Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
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Definition
| The core UN document on human rights; although it lacks the force of international law, it sets forth international norms, regarding behavior by governments toward their own citizens and foreigners alike. |
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| An influential non-governmental organization that operates globally to monitor and try to rectify glaring abuses of political (not economic or social) human rights |
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| responsibility to protect |
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Definition
| Principle adopted by world leaders in 2055 holding governments responsible for protecting civilians from genocide and crimes against humanity perpetrated within a sovereign state. |
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Definition
| Violations of the law governing the conduct of warfare, such as by mistreating prisoners of war or unnecessarily targeting civilians. |
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| A category of legal offenses created at the Nuremberg trials after World War II to encompass genocide and other acts committed by the political and military leaders of the Third Reich (Nazi Germany). |
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| International Criminal Court |
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Definition
| Permanent tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity. |
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| International Committee of the Red Cross |
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Definition
| A nongovernmental organization (NGO) that provides practical support, such as medical care, food, and letters from home, to civilians caught in wars and to prisoners of war (POWs). Exchanges of POWs are usually negotiated through the ICRC. |
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Definition
| States in the global South, the poorest regions of the world -- also called third world countries, less-developed countries, and undeveloped countries |
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| Millennium Development Goals |
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Definition
| UN targets for basic needs measures such as reducing poverty and hunger, adopted in 2000 with a target date of 2013 |
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Definition
| The fundamental needs of people for adequate food, shelter, health care, sanitation, and education. Meeting such needs may be thought of as both a moral imperative and a form of investment in “human capital” essential for economic growth |
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Definition
| A lack of needed foods including protein and vitamins; about 10 million children die each year from malnutrition-related causes. |
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| Rural communities growing food mainly for their own consumption rather than for sale in local or world markets |
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| Agricultural goods produced as commodities for export to world markets |
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Definition
| A shift of population from the countryside to the cities that typically accompanies economic development and is augmented by displacement of peasants from subsistence farming |
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| Policies that aim to break up large land holdings and redistribute land to poor peasants for use in subsistence farming |
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Definition
| Movement between states, usually emigration from the old state and immigration to the new state. |
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| People fleeing their countries to find refuge from war, natural disaster, or political persecution. International law distinguishes them from migrants |
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Definition
| remittances Money sent home by migrant workers to individuals (usually relatives) in their country of origin. |
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Definition
| A view of the world in terms of regional class divisions, with the industrial countries as the core, poorest countries as the periphery, and other areas (for example, some of the newly industrializing countries) as the semipheriphery. |
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Definition
| The difficulties face by resource-rice developing countries, including dependence on exporting or a few commodities whose price fluctuates, as well as potentials for corruption and inequality |
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Definition
| The continuation, in a former colony, of colonial exploitation without formal political control. |
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Definition
| A Marxist-oriented theory that explains the lack of capital accumulation in the third world as a result of the interplay between domestic class relations and the forces of foreign capital |
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Definition
| An historically important form of dependency in which foreign capital is invested in a third world country to extract a particular raw material in a particular place – usually a mine, oil well, or plantation. |
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Definition
| The combined processes of capital accumulation, rising per capita incomes (with consequent falling birthrates), the increasing of skills in the population, the adoption of new technological styles, and other related social and economic changes |
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| Newly Industrialized Countries |
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Definition
| Third world states that have achieved self-sustaining capital accumulation, with impressive economic growth. The most successful are the “four tigers” or “four dragons” of East Asia: South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore |
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Term
| “four tigers”/”four dragons” |
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Definition
| The most successful newly industrialized areas of East Asia: South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. |
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Definition
| A strategy of developing local industries, often conducted behind protectionalist barriers, to produce items that a country had been importing. |
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Definition
| An economic development strategy that seeks to divide industries capable of competing in specific niches of the world economy. |
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Definition
| The use of very small loans to small groups of individuals, often women, to stimulate economic development. |
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Definition
| Developing states’ acquisition of technology (knowledge, skills, methods, designs, specialized equipment, etc.) from foreign sources, usually in conjunction with direct foreign investment or similar business operations. |
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Definition
| Poor countries loss of skilled workers to rich countries |
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Definition
| Failure to make scheduled debt payments. |
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| A reworking of the terms on which a loan will be repaid; frequently negotiated by poor debtor governments in order to avoid default |
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Definition
| An agreement to loan IMF funds on the condition that certain government policies are adopted. Dozens of developing countries have entered into such agreements with the IMF in the past two decades. |
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Definition
| Money or other aid made available to states in the global South to help them speed up economic development or meet humanitarian needs. Most foreign aid is provided by governments and is called official development assistance |
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Term
| Development Assistance Committee |
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Definition
| A committee whose members – consisting of states from Western Europe, North America and Japan/Pacific – provide 95 percent of official development assistance to countries of the global South |
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Definition
| Government assistance directly to governments as state-to-state aid. |
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Definition
| Government foreign aid from several states that goes through a third party, such as the UN or another agency. |
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Definition
| A program that coordinates the flow of multilateral development assistance and manages 5,000 projects at once around the world (focusing especially on technical development assistance). |
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Definition
| An organization started by President John Kennedy in 1961 that provides US volunteers for technical development assistance in poor countries |
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Definition
| A private charitable group that works with local communities to determine the needs of their own people and to carry out development projects |
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Definition
| Provision of short term relief in the form of food, water, shelter, clothing, and other essentials to people facing natural disasters |
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