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Definition
| the problem of how to provide something that benefits all members of a group regardless of what each member contributes to it |
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| solves collective goods problem by establishing a power hierarchy in which those at the top control those below |
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| solves collective goods problem by rewarding behavior that contributes to the group and punishing behavior that pursues self- interest at the expense of the group |
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| identities of participants as members of a community – members of an identity community care about the interests of others in the community enough to sacrifice their own interests to benefit others |
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| Territory, Government, Population, Sovereignty |
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| Set of relationships among the world's states |
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| NGOs, IGOs, MNCs, Substate Actors |
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| Explains international relations in terms of power, founded on principle of Dominance, reaction to idealism |
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| Ability to get another actor to do what they would not otherwise have done |
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| Specific characteristics of state (Size, armed forces, GDP) |
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| The ability to obtain what you want through co-option and attraction rather than coercion. |
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| Long-term elements of power |
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Definition
| GDP, Population, Territory, Natural resources |
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| Short-term elements of power |
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Definition
| Military forces, ability of state to produce weapons, quality of bureaucracy |
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| International system exists without central government |
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| Each state has the right to do whatever it wants in its own territory |
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| Buildup of arms in one state for protection threatens security of other states |
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| One or more states' powers being used to balance powers of other state or states |
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| explains patterns of international events in terms of the system structure (the international distribution of power) rather than the internal makeup of individual states |
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Definition
| Number of independent power centers in the system |
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| largest wars result from challenges to the top of the system |
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| Coalitions of states that coordinate their actions to accomplish some end, formalized in written treaties |
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| the ease with which members keep an alliance together, which is based in part on the degree to which national interests converge and the extent to which cooperation within the alliance has become institutionalized and habitual |
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| the art of managing state affairs and effectively maneuvering in a world of power politics among sovereign states |
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| a threat to punish another actor if it takes a certain negative action |
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| the use of force to make another actor take some action |
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| a series of negative sanction of increasing severity applied in order to induce another actor to take some action |
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| reciprocal process in which two (or more) states build up military capabilities in response to each other |
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| based on reciprocity – states could develop the organizations and rules to facilitate cooperation, specifically by forming a world federation resembling today’s United Nations |
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| operating at a lower level of analysis – peace depends on the internal character of governments, specifically the republics, with a legislative branch that can hold a monarch in check, will be more peaceful than autocracies – relies more on identity principle |
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| relies on the presumption that trade increases wealth, cooperation, and global well-being – conflict less likely since governments will not want to disrupt any process that adds to the wealth of their state |
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| States achieve cooperation often because it is often in their best interests to do so. |
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| Set of rules, norms, and procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain issue area |
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| Formation of a broad alliance of most major actors in an international system for the purpose of jointly opposing aggression by any actor |
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| Democracies almost never fight each other |
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| how actors define their national interests, threats to those interests, and their relationships to one another |
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| Emphasizes texts and discourses, dismisses the notion of states as actors. |
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| Both IR and domestic politics arise from unequal relationships between economic classes |
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| Seeks to shift focus of IR away from interstate level of analysis and toward a broad conception of social relations at individual, domestic, and global levels of analysis |
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| Real differences exist between the genders |
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| Gender roles do and should not exist, based on male-female equality |
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| gender differences important but arbitrary and flexible |
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| Difference feminism provides a perspective from which to reexamine the core assumptions of realism – especially the assumption of autonomy, from which flows the key realist concepts of sovereignty and anarchy |
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| strategies used by governments to guide their actions in the international arena |
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Definition
1. Clarify goals
2. Prioritize goals
3. List alternative policies
4. Investigate the consequences of policy implementation
5. Select policy |
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Term
| Bureaucratic politics model |
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Definition
| foreign policy decisions result from the bargaining process among various government agencies with somewhat divergent interests in the outcome |
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