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After WWII
First: Democratic/Industrial Countries
Second: Communists/Socialist Countries
Third: Neutral or unaffiliated |
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| Absence of a central government/political authority |
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| Bretton Woods, New Hampshire was the location of a 1944 conference to create the IMF and World Bank |
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| Liberal International Economic Order: Post WWII international economic order. Preferred free and open trade to promote economic efficiency and prosperity |
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| Huntington. Competition based on social and political values replacing national conflicts as defining feature of int. pol. |
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| Social and natural scientists (1968) who studied population, resource depletion, and environmental degredation (1972) |
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| Conflict between US and Soviet Union lasting from 1940s to 1980s. Included "containment," Marshall Plan, and Truman Doctrine |
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| After fall of Roman empire, trade was revitalized and led to larger, more centralized political units |
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| Development of gunpowder revolution in 14th century made other weapons obsolete, premium on land, and larger political units. |
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| Martin Luther's challenge to the church in 1517. Led to creation of non-Catholic church and contributed to 30 years war. |
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| Forces driving globalization are weakening or limiting the ability of nation states to shape their own policies |
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| Perspective which stresses importance of identities and shared understanding in shaping behavior of society |
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| Division of the world into classes. Core=bourgeoisie Periphery=proletariat |
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| Terrorist attacks = criminal acts requiring international response. Addresses roots of terrorism: poverty, inequality, discontent |
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| Which countries have nuclear weapons |
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| US, Russia, China, Britain, Israel, India, Pakistan, North Korea, probably Iran |
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| Criticism of dispersion of political power |
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| Makes it very difficult for democratic nations to get anything done |
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| A major source of international law. States routinely abide by a norm which then becomes a law, even if not codified in treaties or agreements. |
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| Inability of many developing nations to pay back foreign debts (beginning in 1980s) |
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| Political independence of Asian and African nations in the two decades after WWII |
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| When critical decisions are taken out of the hands of democratic and representative institutions |
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| Democratic Peace Proposition |
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| Separate peace that Immanuel Kant predicted would exist among democratic states. |
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| Dependency theory (Dependencia) |
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| Influenced by Maxist understanding of capitalism. The world is divided into wealthy (core) and poor (periphery) which are locked in an unequal and fundamentally exploitative relationship. Global economic system perpetuates international inequalities. |
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| Disincentive: a negative motivational influence |
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| Individuals and/or nations specializing in the production of certain commodities. |
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| Regional intergovernmental organization designed to promote greater trade and economic integration. Hoped it would lead to a greater political cooperation and a reduction in conflict that appeared in pre-WWII Europe. |
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| Perspective focusing on issues of concern to women while emphasizing the importance of gender. |
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| Controlling gov spending and taxation with a preference for balanced budgets. Central to IMF's structural adjustment program |
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| Structural Adjustment Policies |
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| Bundle of market-oriented reforms required for developing nations to receive IMF loans |
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| International trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions |
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| General Agreement on Tariffs: World organization created in 1947 to reduce tariffs and other obstacles of int trade. Replaced in 1995 with World Trade Organization (WTO) |
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| World Trade Organization: Created in 1995 as successor to GATT. Enforces international trade rule promoting free and open trade |
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| Problem of rising global temperatures brought on by emissions of green house gases (especially CO2 and methane) |
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| Process by which nations and societies are increasingly being merged into a single global society and economy |
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| International Monetary Fund: Critical institution of LIEO post WWII. Intended to help nations deal with balance of payment deficits. Since 1960s has helped in assisting developing nations |
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| Designed to promote economic development by restricting foreign imports in order to replace them with domestically produced goods |
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| Chain of command in a legal system in which decisions of higher courts possess greater authority (are binding to lower courts) |
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| Idea that Economic Interdependence, Democracy, and International Organizations would create a zone of peace in which waging war is uncommon |
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| Version of liberalism that states the positive role in int. organizations and institutions in promoting cooperation and peace |
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| Application of liberal assumptions and principles to international relations |
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| Social, political, and economic philosophy based off positive human nature, inevitability of social progress, and harmony of interests |
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| Based on liberal assumptions, the optimist view that law, institutions, and diplomacy can replace power competition and use of force in international policies. |
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| Mutual Assured Destruction: Strategic reality that any use of nuclear weapons would inevitably entail one's own destruction. Achieved when each party has second-strike capability |
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| Predicted (1798) that pop growth would deplete food supply, lead to social, economic, and political crisis. Proved to be wrong but substantiated by Club of Rome |
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| Social theory by Karl Marx that emphasizes importance of class conflict for understanding social relations |
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| Trade policies designed to increase the wealth and power of a state vis-a-vis other states |
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| Ease with which businesses can move from one part of the world to another. Obstacles include costs of commerce over long distances or policies that make trade difficult |
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| A single state ruling over people of many distinct ethnic identities |
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| A single ethnic group divided into several different, independent political units |
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| A sense of connection and loyalty between rulers and people, belief that governments get legitimacy from the people, commitment to national/ethnic self determination |
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| Nature vs Nurture (in terms of war) |
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| Debate over which human behaviors are biologically/instinctive vs socially conditioned. Is war inevitable due to human instinct, socially taught behaviors, or inherent evil nature of humans? |
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| Two classes of nations: those allowed to have nuclear weapons and those who can't be trusted with them. Unavoidable racial connotation |
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| Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: Agreement designed to prevent spread of nuclear weapons. Existing nuclear powers promised not to aid others in acquiring nuclear weapons, and those without nuclear weapons agreed not to build them. Only three nations have not signed the NPT: Isreal, India, and Pakistan |
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| Increased second strike ability due to existence of: strategic bombers, intercontinental missiles, sub-marine launched missiles. |
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| Post WWII trials in which top officials of Nazi Germany were tried for violations of int law, including massive violation of human rights. |
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| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: Founding in 1960 by Venezuela, was and remains an attempt to create a cartel of major oil producers for purpose of raising global price of oil. |
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| Principle that states that governments derive legitimacy from the people. Embodied in the French and American Revolutions. Challenged the divine right of kings principle. |
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| An attack intended to disarm a nation before it has the chance to use (or maybe even develop) its nuclear weapons |
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| Propisition that globalization is exerting downward pressure on wages, regulations, taxes, and social welfare benefits as corporations relocate in search of these lowered aspects of developing nations. |
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| A conservative perspective that states the inevitability of conflict among nations, centrality of power, and ever-present threat of war. |
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| Problem nations face when the action taken to make one nation feel more secure inevitably makes other nations feel less secure. |
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| Right of individual states to determine for themselves the policies they wish to follow. Freedom. |
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| In dependency theory, the small number of developing nations that have developed to the point where they can no longer be considered part of the periphery. |
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| Terrorism = acts of war that requires putting pressure on those states that actively support or passively tolerate terrorist organizations |
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| Designed to enhance national power and encourage other nations to become dependent as a means of gaining leverage over them |
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| Indiscriminate use or threat of violence to advance social, political, economic, or religious objectives by creating a climate of fear |
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| When actors fail to restrain their use of common resources and eventually deplete resources for all. Often used to conceptualize the issues of pop growth, resource consumption, and environmental degredation |
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| Conditions in which a producer's geographical proximity to sources of supply or markets is a critical determinant of its ability to compete effectively |
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| Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
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| A nonbonding UN declaration that recognizes a long list of basic human rights. Combined with the UNC Charter, it revealed an emerging tension between the principles of state sovereignty and human rights. |
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| When people or states abide by laws because they think it is in their interest to do so. |
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| Label for the ideas of free trade and limited government that guide many of the policies of the IMF toward developing nations, especially in the context of its structural adjustment loan |
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| Originally the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, now one of the major institutions of the post-WWII international economic order. Its first function was providing aid in rebuilding societies destroyed by the war. Now it focuses on aiding and assisting the world's developing nations |
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| Weapons of Mass Destruction: General category of unconventional weapons including nuclear, chemical, biological, and radiological weapons. |
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| A policy of self sufficiency in which a state attempt to cut itself off from the rest of the world. Policy of economic autarky would attempt to meet all of society's needs from its own resources. Impractical considering comparative advantage. |
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