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less-developed countries (LDCs)
(developing countries) |
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| the world's poorest regions--the global South--where most people live; are also called underdeveloped countries, or developing countries |
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| the creation of standing wealth (capital) such as buildings, toads (i mean roads), factories, and so forth; such accumulation depends on investment and the creation of an economic surplus |
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| made by investing money in productive capital rather than using it for consumption |
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| goods whose consumption does not contribute directly to production of other goods and services, unlike some forms of investment |
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| putting surplus wealth into capital-producing activities rather than consuming it, to produce long-term benefits |
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| an economic system based on private ownership of capital and the means of production (standing wealth and other forms of property) |
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| a term encompassing many poilitical movements, parties, economic theories, and ideologies, historical and present-day. With its idea that workers shoul dhave political power, socialism favors the redistribution of wealth towards the workers who produce it. In economic policy, socialists have favored different combinations of planning and reliance on market forces, as well as various patterns of ownership |
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| The system that prevailed during Stalin's rule in the Soviet Union, which was marked by totalitarian state control under the Communist party adn the ruthless elimination of the regime's opponents on a massive scale |
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| A branch of socialism that emphasizes exploitation and class struggle and includes both communism and other approaches |
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| the process in which the more powerful casses oppress and exploit the less pwoerful by denying them their fair share of the surplus they create. The oppressed classes try to gain power, to rebel, and to organize in order to seize more of the wealth for themselves. |
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| a categorization of individuals based on economic status |
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| in Marxist terminology, the class of owners of capital--people who make money from their investments rather than from their labor |
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| in Marxist terminology, the class of workers who must sell their labor power to capitalists in order to survive and whose labor is needed to rpodcue surplus value; more specifically, industrial factory workers. It was considered the class that would spearhead the socialist revolution |
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| the forms of politics and culture that are shaped by the economic base or mode of production (slavery, feudalism, capitalism) |
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| a society's mode of production, such as slavery, feudalism, or capitalism |
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| the acquisition of colonies by conquest or otherwise. Leninn's theory of imperialism argued that European capitalists were investing in colonies where they could earn big profits, and then using part of those profits to buy off portions of the workin class at home |
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| a view of the world in terms of regional class divisions, with industrialized countries as the core, poorest thrid world countries as the periphery,a nd other as the semiperiphery |
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| the area in the world-system in which some manufacturing occurs and some capital concentrates, but not to the extent of the core areas |
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| the third world region sof the world-system that mostly extract raw materials from their area |
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| the manufacturing regions of the world-system |
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| the continuation, in a former colony, of colonial exploitation without formal political control |
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| a Marxist-oriented theory that explains the lack of capital accumulation in the third world as a result of the interplay between domestic class relations and the forces of foreign capital |
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| an historically important form of dependency in which foreign capital is invested in a third world country to extract a particular raw material in a particular place--usually a mine, oil well, or plantation |
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| the fundamental needs of people for adequate food, shelter, health care, sanitation, and education. Meeting such needs may be thought of as both a moral imperative and a form of investment in "human capital" essential for economic growth |
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| the lack of needed foods including proetein and vitamins; about 10 million children die each year from malnutrion-related causes |
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| the lack of needed foods; a lack of calories |
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| rural communities growing food mainly for their own consumption rather than for sale in local or world markets |
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| agricultural goods produced as commodities for export to world markets |
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| a shift of population from the countryside to the cities that typically accompanies economic development and is augmented by displacement of peasants from subsistence farming |
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| policies that aim to break up large land holdings and redistribute land to poor peasants for use in subsistence farming |
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| movement between states, usually emigration from the old state and immigration to the new state |
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| people fleeing their countries to find refuge from war, natural disaster, or political persecutiong. International law distinguishes them from migrants |
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