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International Politics Final
Lectures 13-24
81
International Studies
Undergraduate 3
05/06/2012

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Term
neoliberalism institutionalism
Definition
-shift in economic interest
-media campaigns
pressure from Int'l institutions (WTO)
Term
realism (theory & climate change)
Definition
-US link deforestation to climate talks
-remove pressure about emissions
-pressure by big Pharma
-Brazil saw this as a bargaining tool for assistant
Term
behavioral economics/solutions
Definition
-social learning...governs our thoughts
-habits are important
-altruism: "do right thing"
-self expectations: commitments matter
-loss...adverse...not lose something that is yours
-computations: over-estimate risk
-involvement: feel involved for change
Term
buisnex strategy: Accomdationist
Definition
-companies wage a war of positions
-epistemically: challenge the scientific & economic regulation
-organizationally: "grassroots"
-environment is conductive to NGO's
Term
why is there no MEA in the WTO?
Definition
-CTE to determine relationship b/t MEA and DSB was intervened by Demandeurs who wanted to exempt MEA's but, US met in opposition
-*don't want environmental agreements to hurt economic growth
Term
Hardin- on "Tragedy of the Commons"
Definition
multiple individuals, independent will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource, even if it is not in anyone's longterm interest
Term
globalization
Definition
process of integration and increasing interdependence among economics, societies, and cultures on a global level
Term
new economic model
Definition
-China is a nation of developmental contrast
-Beijing Consensus so flexible
-4 modernizations: agriculture, industry, science, & technology
Term
Beijing Consensus
Definition
-alternative economic model to Washington Consensus
-guides reform for developing countries
-problem= communist governments
-* innovation, chaos management, self-determination
Term
Korea: chaebol
Definition
South Korea business form in which global multinationals own numerous int'l enterprises
-"conglomerate"
-large Korean family orientated groups

Ex- Samsung, LG
Term
Korea: domestic structure
Definition
-parties change often
-President elected term of 5yrs (can't be reelected)
~separated from Nat'l Assembly
-NA is universal (249 members)
-Prior to reform...hard to distinct business & gov't
Term
Korea: regional strategy
Definition
-SK tries to make itself a hub (busy airports/seaports)
-spread of TV & film to advance its name
-SK vocal about EAC
Term
Korea: history
Definition
-tributary state of China
~loyalty to China
~ internal instability
-Annexation by Japan
~modernize production
~invasion of Manchuria
-used heavy foreign borrowing rather than GDP per capita growth
Term
Japan: politics
Definition
-no voter interest in rural/urban interest in free trade
-domestic production vs. fast-food production
-reform to proportional voting/representation
-make politicians cover more nat'l issues
Term
Japan: keirtsu
Definition
set of companies w/ interlocking business relationships (business group)
-each own small operations of shares in each others companies, centered on a core bank (longterm planning in innovative projects)
Term
Japan: domestic structure
Definition
bi-cameral...larger house of Reps
-prime minister selected by Diet
-policy research committees
*operate w/ independence
Term
Japan: regional & global strategy
Definition
-Keynsian norms
-proxy wars
~nation building
~US security
-bid for UN seat
-Yoshida doctrine
Term
Japan: history
Definition
-isolationist shogunate until Meiji Restoration
-oligarch rule
-rapid industrialization through war license

"growth w/ no losers"
Term
East Asian Model
Definition
4 core components:
1) high savings
2) export orientation
3) human investment
4) industrial focus

-financial repression as a means (5 models)
Term
African PE
Definition
Problems:
-corruption
-dysfunctional institutions
-no good boundaries
-exploitation of natural resources
Term
dependency theory
Definition
relates back to radicalism and that developing countries are dependent
Term
skeptics of trade & development
Definition
skeptic b/c of misapplication of trade liberalization
1) no market failure & restrictions
2) models show no long term growth
3) liberalizing trade boost GDP
Term
trade & development
Definition
-free trade is not enough for growth
~stimulated growth feeds an openness
~openness doesn't have to contradict industrial policies
*countries w/ big GDP's grow larger than small ones
Term
democracies & development
Definition
-leaders are motivated to use taxes in public goods
-optimal tax rates
-small interest groups
*more democratic= protect liberties
Term
North-South PTA's
Definition
Ex- NAFTA

deep policy implications for contracting parties
~restricting control over foreign areas
Term
"Dynamic time-path"
(Domino Effect)
Definition
-current PTA's pressure other countries to emulate for fear of loosing out
-done either by joining current PTA's or negotiating new PTA
Term
Economies of Scale
Definition
manufacturing firms support PTAs b/c they can achieve greater economies of scale in a large market
*expansion
Ex-European nation=states originating in custom unions
Term
GATT Article 24
Definition
cannot increase protection, must cover all trade, and has a 20yr time limit
-weakly defined
Term
Dispute Development Body
Definition
-settle agriculture
-est. panels to consider cases
-accept or reject panels findings
-monitors implementation of rulings
Term
DDA
Definition
Doha Development Agenda
~lower trade barriers in regard to developing countries
~developed countries have hard time implementing WTO agreements
Term
The Uruguay Round
Definition
transformed the GATT into the WTO
~imposed rules & disciplines on agriculture sanitation & domestic subsidies, ect.
Term
The failed ITO
Definition
ITO proposed but not submitted to Congress b/c weak business support
-vary ambitious
-Havana Charter: 50 countries negotiated ITO
Term
GATT
Definition
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
-regulates international trade
Term
Principles of the GATT
Definition
-most favored nation
-national treatment
-reciprocity
-gradual reduction
-fair competition
-predictability
Term
WTO
Definition
World Trade Organization
-goal is trade liberalization
-alongside monetary stability & emlpoyment
Term
Hamilton/ List on Infant Industry
Definition
intitial protection of a high-producing activity will allow it to grow until it is internationally competitive
~spill over effects
Term
Types of Protection
Definition
Tariffs: price based (WTO preferred)
Quotas: quantity based (GATT illegal)
Voluntary Export Restriction: quantity based (GATT/WTO illegal; Uruguay Round)
Term
Why countries use protection?
Definition
-raise revenue
-protect labor
-cure a deficit
-Nat'l defense
Term
David Ricardo: Comparative Advantage
Definition
Ability of a person to produce a good at lower marginal & opportunity cost; even if one country has an absolute advantage
-limits: all goods not traded
~adjustments are sticky
~more factors of production
Term
Adam Smith: absolute advantage
Definition
Ability of a party to produce more of a good than competitors, using the same resources
Term
Adam Smith: absolute gains
Definition
-country that required smallest amount of inputs to produce a good was deemed to posses absolute advantage
-increasing returns by reducing fixed cost leads to productivity
Term
common fallacies
Definition
-trade deficits are bad
-only manufacturing matters
-we can't compete w/ the "Chinas" of the world
-Exports good, imports bad
Term
how do terrorists prevail?
Definition
-coercion:
~impose cost on target to insure policy change
-provocation:
~attack to create response from target
-spoiling:
~spoil peace agreements
-outbidding:
~attack to gain support
Term
why we use violence?
Definition
-terrorism is not random
-terrorists have political objectives
-form of bargaining
-negotiations/bargaining w/ terrorists often fail
Term
strategic logic of terrorism
Definition
-fighting b/t parties of highly unequal militaries
~often small and in need of resources (i.e. Al Qaeda)
-organize in cells to keep structure if leader is killed
-use coercion
Term
what is terrorism?
Definition
systematic use of terror, especially as a means of coercion
~used to instill fear
~partially motivated
~subgroup
* most are domestic
Term
Korea Civil War
Definition
-ended w/ Korean Armistice Agreement
-Kim Dae-Jung's "Sunshine Policy" laid ground work for peace
-Lee-Myung-bak: wants to discontinue nuclear programs
Term
Cambodia Civil War
Definition
*mixed success
-Khmer Rouge vs. Vietnamese army
-US played bask-seat role
-China saw economic interest in ending war
-UN set up gov't
Term
Somalia Civil War
Definition
*failed state
-state collapse & made no legitimate leader
-President shot, fought over leadership (Aideed's)
-Clan factions prominent and created trouble to find leader
-UN not enough troops
Term
bottom-up violence
Definition
-social/economic exclusion (unemployment/education opportunities)
-absence of revolutionary ideology
-impunity (failure to bring violation to justice)
Term
top-down violence
Definition
-state led (weak state)
-support violence b/c of poor economy=weak soldiers
-civilians take resources to kill
-creates insurgency
Term
rational civil war
Definition
war caused by economic rationality
-benefits:
~protect $
~military-higher salary
~pillaging
~labor exploitation
Term
kinetic energy rods ("Rods from God")
Definition
drop missiles from space onto target
Term
ballistic missile defense
Definition
laser, orbital kinetic energy weapons
-attack missiles in air
Term
post-Cold War revival of NUTS
Definition
-US withdraw from anti-ballistic missile treaty
-decline of nuclear powers
-new delivery system (B2 bombers)
Term
Bush on ABM
Definition
withdrew from ABM treaty to allow for US to create anti-missile defense system
Term
SDI
Definition
strategic defense initiative (Reagan)
-use ground and space based systems to protect US from attack
-can shoot down missiles on reentry to atmosphere
Term
Eisenhower Doctrine
Definition
country could request US economic assistance and/or aid from US military if they were threatened by armed aggression from another state
-prevent Soviet invasion of Western Europe
Term
Three ways to launch a bomb
Definition
-conventional gravity bombs out of plane
-ballistic missiles
-air & seas
Term
NUTS
Definition
Nuclear Utilization Target Selection
Term
MAD
Definition
mutual assured destruction
-nuclear deterrence
Term
war and power transitions
Definition
Realism: balance of power leads to deterrence
~alliances balance power/threats

Liberalism: collective security puts down aggressor
~arms control
Term
Walzer's Dirty Hands
Definition
-politicians use violence for victory (dirty hands)
-use torture to end war (Ex- colonial war)
-moral politicians has dirty hands, immoral ones pretend to have clean hands
Term
Judeo-Christian "Just-War Doctrine"
Definition
two sets of criteria:
-jus ad bellum (justice of war):
~just cause, right intention, objectives, probability of success
-jus in bello (justice in war):
~discrimination (don't kill civilians) proportionality (violence must be in line)
Term
actors in war: international system
Definition
anarchy leads to fear and opportunism
-"West vs. Rest"
~ensures aggressiveness
Term
actors in war: state
Definition
-stronger states less likely to go to war (democracies that protect minorities & freedoms)
-radicals: capitalism and freedom lead to competition which leads to war
Term
actor in war: individual
Definition
-often misinterpretation of individuals
-reaction of the masses
-self interest threatened
Term
war: domestic interest and institutions
Definition
decisions of war are dependent upon interest of constituents and how those interest are channelled through institutions
Term
war: constructivism
Definition
war is neither natural or necessary
but....socialization can lead to war b/c of shared norms and insecurities
Term
war: radicalism
Definition
war ends after socialism takes over
-Marxist Theory
Term
war: liberalism (democracy)
Definition
-self-interest leads to interdependence...prevents war
-Democratic Peace Theory:
~democracies don't fight
~autocracies have agression
Term
war: realism
Definition
-war is inevitable
-security dilemma: insecurity leads to arms race
-temporarily prevented by hegemony, power transfer makes conflict
Term
optimal tariff
Definition
level of a tariff that maximizes a country's welfare
-small open economy tariff= 0
-large country= +
Term
PTA's
Definition
preferential trading agreement
have potential to create trade by expanding market access
~lower prices to favor PTA partner
Ex- Custom Unions/NAFTA
Term
MEA
Definition
multilateral environmental agreement
-weak
-Montreal Protocol
-Koyoto Protocol
-3 types:
1) specific
2) specific & optional
3) non-specific
Term
mercantilism
Definition
economic theory that int'l commerce should increase a state's wealth
Term
liberal environmentalism
Definition
-environmental protection is predicted on liberal economic & political order linked to economic growth
-positive linkages b/t environmental protection policies & economic growth
Term
strategy in climate negotiations: China
Definition
-largest emitter of GHG emissions
-1st said responsibility lies w/ developed world, then said green growth is necessary
-Hu Jinto makes pledge to use renewables
-no legally binding agreements
Term
strategy in climate negotiations: the US
Definition
-emission, trading, joint implementation, developing country participation
-US favors flexibility
-powerful lobbies pressure gov'ts
-present multilateral negotiations
Term
strategy in climate negotiations: the EU
Definition
-global leader on the issue
-successfully reducing emissions
-economic difficulties hurt EU in advancement
Term
critical IPE
Definition
-blend of domestic institutional approach (constructivism & radicalism)
-show influence of int'l actors
-substainable development w/ market friendly views
-* accepts plurality of nature, rejects interstate interation, globalization & development cause crisis
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