Term
| neoliberalism institutionalism |
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Definition
-shift in economic interest
-media campaigns
pressure from Int'l institutions (WTO) |
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Term
| realism (theory & climate change) |
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Definition
-US link deforestation to climate talks
-remove pressure about emissions
-pressure by big Pharma
-Brazil saw this as a bargaining tool for assistant |
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Term
| behavioral economics/solutions |
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Definition
-social learning...governs our thoughts
-habits are important
-altruism: "do right thing"
-self expectations: commitments matter
-loss...adverse...not lose something that is yours
-computations: over-estimate risk
-involvement: feel involved for change |
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Term
| buisnex strategy: Accomdationist |
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Definition
-companies wage a war of positions
-epistemically: challenge the scientific & economic regulation
-organizationally: "grassroots"
-environment is conductive to NGO's |
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Term
| why is there no MEA in the WTO? |
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Definition
-CTE to determine relationship b/t MEA and DSB was intervened by Demandeurs who wanted to exempt MEA's but, US met in opposition
-*don't want environmental agreements to hurt economic growth |
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Term
| Hardin- on "Tragedy of the Commons" |
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Definition
| multiple individuals, independent will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource, even if it is not in anyone's longterm interest |
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Term
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Definition
| process of integration and increasing interdependence among economics, societies, and cultures on a global level |
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Term
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Definition
-China is a nation of developmental contrast
-Beijing Consensus so flexible
-4 modernizations: agriculture, industry, science, & technology |
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Term
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Definition
-alternative economic model to Washington Consensus
-guides reform for developing countries
-problem= communist governments
-* innovation, chaos management, self-determination |
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Term
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Definition
South Korea business form in which global multinationals own numerous int'l enterprises
-"conglomerate"
-large Korean family orientated groups
Ex- Samsung, LG |
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Term
| Korea: domestic structure |
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Definition
-parties change often
-President elected term of 5yrs (can't be reelected)
~separated from Nat'l Assembly
-NA is universal (249 members)
-Prior to reform...hard to distinct business & gov't |
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Term
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Definition
-SK tries to make itself a hub (busy airports/seaports)
-spread of TV & film to advance its name
-SK vocal about EAC |
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Term
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Definition
-tributary state of China
~loyalty to China
~ internal instability
-Annexation by Japan
~modernize production
~invasion of Manchuria
-used heavy foreign borrowing rather than GDP per capita growth |
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Term
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Definition
-no voter interest in rural/urban interest in free trade
-domestic production vs. fast-food production
-reform to proportional voting/representation
-make politicians cover more nat'l issues |
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Term
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Definition
set of companies w/ interlocking business relationships (business group)
-each own small operations of shares in each others companies, centered on a core bank (longterm planning in innovative projects) |
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Term
| Japan: domestic structure |
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Definition
bi-cameral...larger house of Reps
-prime minister selected by Diet
-policy research committees
*operate w/ independence |
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Term
| Japan: regional & global strategy |
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Definition
-Keynsian norms
-proxy wars
~nation building
~US security
-bid for UN seat
-Yoshida doctrine |
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Term
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Definition
-isolationist shogunate until Meiji Restoration
-oligarch rule
-rapid industrialization through war license
"growth w/ no losers" |
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Term
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Definition
4 core components:
1) high savings
2) export orientation
3) human investment
4) industrial focus
-financial repression as a means (5 models) |
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Term
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Definition
Problems:
-corruption
-dysfunctional institutions
-no good boundaries
-exploitation of natural resources |
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Term
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Definition
| relates back to radicalism and that developing countries are dependent |
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Term
| skeptics of trade & development |
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Definition
skeptic b/c of misapplication of trade liberalization
1) no market failure & restrictions
2) models show no long term growth
3) liberalizing trade boost GDP |
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Term
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Definition
-free trade is not enough for growth
~stimulated growth feeds an openness
~openness doesn't have to contradict industrial policies
*countries w/ big GDP's grow larger than small ones |
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Term
| democracies & development |
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Definition
-leaders are motivated to use taxes in public goods
-optimal tax rates
-small interest groups
*more democratic= protect liberties |
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Term
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Definition
Ex- NAFTA
deep policy implications for contracting parties
~restricting control over foreign areas |
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Term
"Dynamic time-path"
(Domino Effect) |
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Definition
-current PTA's pressure other countries to emulate for fear of loosing out
-done either by joining current PTA's or negotiating new PTA |
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Term
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Definition
manufacturing firms support PTAs b/c they can achieve greater economies of scale in a large market
*expansion
Ex-European nation=states originating in custom unions |
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Term
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Definition
cannot increase protection, must cover all trade, and has a 20yr time limit
-weakly defined |
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Term
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Definition
-settle agriculture
-est. panels to consider cases
-accept or reject panels findings
-monitors implementation of rulings |
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Term
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Definition
Doha Development Agenda
~lower trade barriers in regard to developing countries
~developed countries have hard time implementing WTO agreements |
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Term
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Definition
transformed the GATT into the WTO
~imposed rules & disciplines on agriculture sanitation & domestic subsidies, ect. |
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Term
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Definition
ITO proposed but not submitted to Congress b/c weak business support
-vary ambitious
-Havana Charter: 50 countries negotiated ITO |
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Term
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Definition
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
-regulates international trade |
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Term
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Definition
-most favored nation
-national treatment
-reciprocity
-gradual reduction
-fair competition
-predictability |
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Term
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Definition
World Trade Organization
-goal is trade liberalization
-alongside monetary stability & emlpoyment |
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Term
| Hamilton/ List on Infant Industry |
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Definition
intitial protection of a high-producing activity will allow it to grow until it is internationally competitive
~spill over effects |
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Term
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Definition
Tariffs: price based (WTO preferred)
Quotas: quantity based (GATT illegal)
Voluntary Export Restriction: quantity based (GATT/WTO illegal; Uruguay Round) |
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Term
| Why countries use protection? |
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Definition
-raise revenue
-protect labor
-cure a deficit
-Nat'l defense |
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Term
| David Ricardo: Comparative Advantage |
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Definition
Ability of a person to produce a good at lower marginal & opportunity cost; even if one country has an absolute advantage
-limits: all goods not traded
~adjustments are sticky
~more factors of production |
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Term
| Adam Smith: absolute advantage |
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Definition
| Ability of a party to produce more of a good than competitors, using the same resources |
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Term
| Adam Smith: absolute gains |
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Definition
-country that required smallest amount of inputs to produce a good was deemed to posses absolute advantage
-increasing returns by reducing fixed cost leads to productivity |
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Term
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Definition
-trade deficits are bad
-only manufacturing matters
-we can't compete w/ the "Chinas" of the world
-Exports good, imports bad |
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Term
| how do terrorists prevail? |
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Definition
-coercion:
~impose cost on target to insure policy change
-provocation:
~attack to create response from target
-spoiling:
~spoil peace agreements
-outbidding:
~attack to gain support |
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Term
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Definition
-terrorism is not random
-terrorists have political objectives
-form of bargaining
-negotiations/bargaining w/ terrorists often fail |
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Term
| strategic logic of terrorism |
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Definition
-fighting b/t parties of highly unequal militaries
~often small and in need of resources (i.e. Al Qaeda)
-organize in cells to keep structure if leader is killed
-use coercion |
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Term
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Definition
systematic use of terror, especially as a means of coercion
~used to instill fear
~partially motivated
~subgroup
* most are domestic |
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Term
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Definition
-ended w/ Korean Armistice Agreement
-Kim Dae-Jung's "Sunshine Policy" laid ground work for peace
-Lee-Myung-bak: wants to discontinue nuclear programs |
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Term
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Definition
*mixed success
-Khmer Rouge vs. Vietnamese army
-US played bask-seat role
-China saw economic interest in ending war
-UN set up gov't |
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Term
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Definition
*failed state
-state collapse & made no legitimate leader
-President shot, fought over leadership (Aideed's)
-Clan factions prominent and created trouble to find leader
-UN not enough troops |
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Term
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Definition
-social/economic exclusion (unemployment/education opportunities)
-absence of revolutionary ideology
-impunity (failure to bring violation to justice) |
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Term
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Definition
-state led (weak state)
-support violence b/c of poor economy=weak soldiers
-civilians take resources to kill
-creates insurgency |
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Term
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Definition
war caused by economic rationality
-benefits:
~protect $
~military-higher salary
~pillaging
~labor exploitation |
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Term
| kinetic energy rods ("Rods from God") |
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Definition
| drop missiles from space onto target |
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Term
| ballistic missile defense |
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Definition
laser, orbital kinetic energy weapons
-attack missiles in air |
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Term
| post-Cold War revival of NUTS |
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Definition
-US withdraw from anti-ballistic missile treaty
-decline of nuclear powers
-new delivery system (B2 bombers) |
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Term
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Definition
| withdrew from ABM treaty to allow for US to create anti-missile defense system |
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Term
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Definition
strategic defense initiative (Reagan)
-use ground and space based systems to protect US from attack
-can shoot down missiles on reentry to atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
country could request US economic assistance and/or aid from US military if they were threatened by armed aggression from another state
-prevent Soviet invasion of Western Europe |
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Term
| Three ways to launch a bomb |
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Definition
-conventional gravity bombs out of plane
-ballistic missiles
-air & seas |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear Utilization Target Selection |
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Term
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Definition
mutual assured destruction
-nuclear deterrence |
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Term
| war and power transitions |
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Definition
Realism: balance of power leads to deterrence
~alliances balance power/threats
Liberalism: collective security puts down aggressor
~arms control |
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Term
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Definition
-politicians use violence for victory (dirty hands)
-use torture to end war (Ex- colonial war)
-moral politicians has dirty hands, immoral ones pretend to have clean hands |
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Term
| Judeo-Christian "Just-War Doctrine" |
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Definition
two sets of criteria:
-jus ad bellum (justice of war):
~just cause, right intention, objectives, probability of success
-jus in bello (justice in war):
~discrimination (don't kill civilians) proportionality (violence must be in line) |
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Term
| actors in war: international system |
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Definition
anarchy leads to fear and opportunism
-"West vs. Rest"
~ensures aggressiveness |
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Term
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Definition
-stronger states less likely to go to war (democracies that protect minorities & freedoms)
-radicals: capitalism and freedom lead to competition which leads to war |
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Term
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Definition
-often misinterpretation of individuals
-reaction of the masses
-self interest threatened |
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Term
| war: domestic interest and institutions |
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Definition
| decisions of war are dependent upon interest of constituents and how those interest are channelled through institutions |
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Term
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Definition
war is neither natural or necessary
but....socialization can lead to war b/c of shared norms and insecurities |
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Term
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Definition
war ends after socialism takes over
-Marxist Theory |
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Term
| war: liberalism (democracy) |
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Definition
-self-interest leads to interdependence...prevents war
-Democratic Peace Theory:
~democracies don't fight
~autocracies have agression |
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Term
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Definition
-war is inevitable
-security dilemma: insecurity leads to arms race
-temporarily prevented by hegemony, power transfer makes conflict |
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Term
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Definition
level of a tariff that maximizes a country's welfare
-small open economy tariff= 0
-large country= + |
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Term
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Definition
preferential trading agreement
have potential to create trade by expanding market access
~lower prices to favor PTA partner
Ex- Custom Unions/NAFTA |
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Term
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Definition
multilateral environmental agreement
-weak
-Montreal Protocol
-Koyoto Protocol
-3 types:
1) specific
2) specific & optional
3) non-specific |
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Term
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Definition
| economic theory that int'l commerce should increase a state's wealth |
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Term
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Definition
-environmental protection is predicted on liberal economic & political order linked to economic growth
-positive linkages b/t environmental protection policies & economic growth |
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Term
| strategy in climate negotiations: China |
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Definition
-largest emitter of GHG emissions
-1st said responsibility lies w/ developed world, then said green growth is necessary
-Hu Jinto makes pledge to use renewables
-no legally binding agreements |
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Term
| strategy in climate negotiations: the US |
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Definition
-emission, trading, joint implementation, developing country participation
-US favors flexibility
-powerful lobbies pressure gov'ts
-present multilateral negotiations |
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Term
| strategy in climate negotiations: the EU |
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Definition
-global leader on the issue
-successfully reducing emissions
-economic difficulties hurt EU in advancement |
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Term
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Definition
-blend of domestic institutional approach (constructivism & radicalism)
-show influence of int'l actors
-substainable development w/ market friendly views
-* accepts plurality of nature, rejects interstate interation, globalization & development cause crisis |
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